变壁厚壳体近海底爆炸冲击波增强效应

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0643

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沉底雷是一种布设在水底、常采用原地爆炸方式毁伤水面舰船和潜艇等水中目标的水雷。壳体是影响装药水下爆炸冲击波载荷的关键因素。采用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立近海底带壳装药数值模型,开展带壳装药水下爆炸冲击波载荷特性研究,揭示装药形状、起爆方式、壳体设置、外壳厚度比、壳药质量比等因素对沉底装药水下爆炸冲击波载荷特性的影响规律,提出一种适用于近海底条件下的新型变壁厚装药壳体,该设计在近海底条件下对冲击波载荷具有显著的增强效应。研究结果表明:壳体的约束特性会导致沉底装药水下爆炸冲击波随距离衰减放缓;变壁厚壳体对装药水下爆炸冲击波载荷具有增强效应,800mm处冲击波峰值压力随δ的增大增长最多,增长率可达9.74%;所得研究成果可为水下兵器设计提供参考。

关键词: 变壁厚壳体, 沉底装药, 水下爆炸, 冲击波载荷, 增强效应

Abstract:

Bottom mines are typically deployed on the seabed and are designed to damage the surface ships and submarines during underwater explosion.The casing of bottom mine is the key factor influencing the energy output structure of charge underwater explosion (UNDEX).Based on the theory of UNDEX,the coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method is used to establish a numerical model of the UNDEX of cased charge near the seabed.The characteristics of shock wave loads generated by the underwater explosion of cased charge are studied and the effects of various factors,such as charge shape,detonation mode,casing configuration,casing thickness ratio,and casing-to-charge mass ratio,on the characteristics of shock wave loads generated by underwater detonation of charges are analyzed.Furthermore,a casing with a variable wall thickness suitable for near seabed conditions is proposed,which significantly enhances the shock wave load.The results show that the constraint characteristics of the casing can cause the slower attenuation in the shock wave due to the underwater explosion of charge with distance.The casing with variable wall thickness has an enhancing effect on the shock wave load due to the underwater explosion of charges.The peak pressure of shock wave at 800 mm significantly increases with the increase of δ,and the growth rate can reach 9.74%.It can provide reference for the design of underwater weapons.

Key words: casing with a variable wall thickness, cased charge, underwater explosion, shock wave load, enhancement effect

中图分类号:

TJ301

刘刚伟, 张竞元, 石章松, 谭波, 宋浦, 胡宏伟, 芦永进. 变壁厚壳体近海底爆炸冲击波增强效应[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(8): 240643-.

LIU Gangwei, ZHANG Jingyuan, SHI Zhangsong, TAN Bo, SONG Pu, HU Hongwei, LU Yongjin. Effect of Shock Wave Load in Underwater Explosion of Cased Charge near Seabed[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(8): 240643-.

图/表 32

表1 水多项式方程参数

Table 1 Parameters of the water polynomial equation

ρ₀/ (kg·m^-3)	A₁/ MPa	A₂/ MPa	A₃/ MPa	B₀	B₁	T₁/ MPa	T₂/ MPa
1000	2200	9540	14600	0.28	0.28	2200	0

表2 HMX炸药材料参数

Table 2 HMX material parameters

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	A/ GPa	B/ GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E_q/ (GJ·m^-3)	$p C - J$ / GPa
1890	778.28	7.07	4.20	1.00	0.30	10.50	42.00

表2 HMX炸药材料参数

Table 2 HMX material parameters

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	A/ GPa	B/ GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E_q/ (GJ·m^-3)	$p C - J$ / GPa
1890	778.28	7.07	4.20	1.00	0.30	10.50	42.00

表3 Shock方程参数

Table 3 Shock equation parameters

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	Gruneisen 系数	C₀/ (m·s^-1)	S₁	S₂
4419	1.23	5130	1.028	0

表4 Steinberg Guinan本构模型参数

Table 4 Parameters of the steinberg Guinan constitutive model

G₀/ GPa	Y₀/ GPa	Y_max/ GPa	β	n	G'_P	G'_T/ (MPa·K^-1)	Y'_P
41.9	1.33	2.12	12	0.1	0.4819	-26.98	-0.0153

表5 泥沙材料参数

Table 5 Sand material parameters

序号	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	p/MPa	c/(m·s^-1)
1	1.674	0	265
2	1.739	4.577	852
3	1.874	14.98	1721
4	1.997	29.15	1875
5	2.143	59.17	2265
6	2.250	98.10	2956
7	2.380	179.4	3112
8	2.485	289.4	4600
9	2.585	450.2	4634
10	2.631	650.7	4634

图1 球形装药数值模型

Fig.1 Numerical modelling of spherical charge

图2 网格收敛性分析

Fig.2 Grid convergence analysis

图3 冲击波峰值压力仿真计算值与理论值对比

Fig.3 Comparison of numerically calculated peak shock wave pressures calculated value with theoretical values

表6 冲击波峰值压力仿真计算值与理论值结果

Table 6 Simulation calculation and theoretical results of peak pressure of shock wave

距离/ mm	数值计算/ MPa	Zhang 方程/MPa	Cole 经验公式 /MPa	数值计算与 Zhang方程误差/%	数值计算与 Cole经验公式误差/%
400	189.35	202.25	174.32	-6.42	8.62
600	106.44	112.41	97.53	-5.31	9.13
800	71.58	75.84	69.74	-5.61	2.64
1000	53.04	57.40	54.20	-7.59	-2.14

图4 带壳装药冲击波实验[23]

Fig.4 Shock wave experiment with cased charge

表7 冲击波压力实验数据与计算数据对比[23]

Table 7 Comparison between the experimental data of shock wave pressure and the calculated data[23]

测点	实验数据/MPa	计算数据/MPa	误差/%
P1	14.94	15.52	3.88
P2	12.20	12.63	3.52
P3	9.60	9.81	2.19
P4	7.36	7.4	0.54
P5	5.52	5.49	-0.54
P6	8.83	8.01	-9.29
P7	4.39	4.25	-3.19
P8	3.23	3.28	1.55
P9	3.57	3.24	-9.24
P10	28.82	29.98	4.02

图5 下壁面沉底装药冲击波实验[24]

Fig.5 Shock wave experiment with sinking charge on the bottom wall[24]

表8 冲击波压力实验结果与计算结果对比[24]

Table 8 Comparison between the experimental results of shock wave pressure and the calculated results [24]

测点	实验结果/MPa	计算结果/MPa	误差/%
P1	10.45	10.24	-2.00
P2	13.03	13.23	-1.53
P3	6.96	7.13	-2.44
P4	10.39	10.47	-0.77

表9 沉底装药水下爆炸冲击波数值模型工况设置

Table 9 Numerical model case setting for underwater explosion shock wave of cased charge

工况	装药形状	长径比	起爆方式	壳体设置
Case1	球形装药		中心起爆	无壳
Case2	柱形装药	0.5	中心起爆	无壳
Case3	柱形装药	1.0	中心起爆	无壳
Case4	柱形装药	2.0	中心起爆	无壳
Case5	球形装药		底部起爆	无壳
Case6	球形装药		顶部起爆	无壳
Case7	球形装药		中心起爆	底半球壳
Case8	球形装药		中心起爆	完整球壳

图6 不同长径比装药数值模型

Fig.6 Numerical model of charges with different a

图7 不同起爆方式装药数值模型

Fig.7 Numerical model of charges for different detonation modes

图8 不同壳体装药数值模型

Fig.8 Numerical model of different cased charges

图9 不同装药形状冲击波峰值压力随爆距变化

Fig.9 Changes in peak pressures of shock waves of charges with four shapes with burst range

图10 不同起爆方式装药峰值压力随爆距变化

Fig.10 Change in peak pressure of shock wave with burst range at different detonation modes

图11 不同位置冲击波峰值压力

Fig.11 Peak shock wave pressures at different test points

表10 变壁厚沉底爆炸冲击波数值模型工况设置

Table 10 Numerical model case setting for shock wave caused by variable wall thickness sinking bottom explosion

工况	壳体材料	厚度比	质量比
Case 9	Al 6061-T6	2	8.95
Case 10	Al 6061-T6	4	8.95
Case 11	Al 6061-T6	6	8.95
Case 12	Al 6061-T6	8	8.95
Case 13 (对照组)	Al 6061-T6	10	8.95
Case 14	Steel 4340	10	25.86
Case 15	Ti6%Al4%V	10	14.56

图12 变壁厚壳体装药数值模型

Fig.12 Numerical model of charge with thickness-variable casing

图13 不同外壳材料装药数值模型

Fig.13 Numerical model of charge for different casing materials

图14 均匀壁厚带壳沉底装药压力云图

Fig.14 Pressure cloud map of cased charge with uniform wall thickness

图15 δ=10变壁厚带壳沉底装药压力云图

Fig.15 Pressure cloud map of thickness-variable cased charge for δ=10

表11 冲击波峰值压力计算结果

Table 11 Calculated results of peak shock wave pressure

爆距/mm	冲击波峰值压力/MPa
爆距/mm	Case 9	Case 10	Case 11	Case 12	Case 13
400	476.27	472.43	469.93	470.93	469.95
600	219.13	223.02	233.78	236.88	238.55
800	152.92	150.78	159.39	163.38	167.82
1000	113.81	108.12	109.11	108.62	111.70

图16 变壁厚沉底装药冲击波峰值压力

Fig.16 Peak shock wave pressure of thickness-variable cased charge

图17 冲击波峰值压力随δ变化曲线

Fig.17 Variation curves of peak shock wave pressure with δ

图18 冲击波空间分布测点设置

Fig.18 Shock wave spatial distribution test points setting

图19 沉底装药冲击波峰值压力空间分布

Fig.19 Spatial distribution of peak shock wave pressure

图20 不同质量比冲击波峰值压力

Fig.20 Peak shock wave pressures for different mass ratios

表12 不同质量比冲击波峰值压力

Table 12 Peak shock wave pressures for different mass ratios

爆距/mm	冲击波峰值压力/MPa
爆距/mm	Case 13	Case 14	Case 15
400	469.95	511.15	541.31
600	238.55	300.43	252.62
800	167.82	182.86	179.17
1000	111.70	121.99	125.85

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