层间温度对高氮钢电弧增材组织与性能的影响

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0035

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用冷金属过渡电弧增材技术在不同层间温度下(50℃、150℃和250℃)制备高氮钢直壁样件,开展了层间温度与组织和性能的相关性研究。研究结果表明:层间温度对成形质量有显著影响,50℃时成形效果最佳;增材工件主要由奥氏体和铁素体组成,其中铁素体以骨架状和蠕虫状分布在奥氏体基体中;降低层间温度可提高熔池冷却速度,减小树枝晶二次枝晶臂间距,限制氮气泡聚集长大过程,从而降低微米级氮气孔的尺寸和数量,减少氮损失量,低层间温度促进细晶粒生成,提升硬度,而较高层间温度则导致晶粒粗化,降低硬度;拉伸性能方面,低层间温度增强了抗拉强度,而高温则通过第2相析出改善拉伸性能;材料具有各向异性,横向试样的抗拉强度较为优越;断口形貌揭示微孔聚集型断裂模式,其中锰氧化物及氮气孔的存在对增材工件拉伸性能构成不利影响,气孔等缺陷易成为腐蚀起点,氯离子在高氮钢表面促进原电池形成而造成氯离子侵蚀;高氮钢中的固溶氮可抑制溶液pH值降低,促进样本表面快速再钝化,推迟钝态破坏,氮含量随层间温度升高而降低,增材工件耐腐蚀性降低。

关键词: 高氮钢, 冷金属过渡电弧增材, 微观组织, 机械性能, 中性盐雾试验

Abstract:

A cold metal transfer (CMT)-wire-arc additive manufacturing technology is used to fabricate high nitrogen steel walls at the interlayer temperatures of 50℃,150℃ and 250℃,and the relationships among the interlayer temperatures,the resulting microstructures and the material properties are studied.The results show that the interlayer temperature has significant effect on the forming quality,and the optimal results can be obtained at 50℃.The additive manufactured parts are primarily comprised of austenite and ferrite,where the ferrite is distributed within the austenite matrix in a skeletal and worm-like manner.The interlayer temperature can be reduced to enhance the cooling rate of the molten pool,reduce the spacing between secondary dendrite arms,and inhibit the growth of nitrogen bubbles,thus diminishing the size and number of micrometer-sized nitrogen pores and minimizing nitrogen loss.However,the hardness and tensile strength decrease as the interlayer temperature increases.Lower interlayer temperature promotes the formation of fine grains,enhancing hardness.Higher interlayer temperature lead to grain coarsening,reducing hardness.Regarding the tensile properties,the lower interlayer temperature strengthens the tensile strength,whereas the high temperature improves the ductility through the precipitation of a second phase.The material exhibits anisotropy,and the transverse specimens have superior tensile strength.The fracture morphology reveals a micro-void coalescence fracture mode,where the presence of manganese oxides and nitrogen pores adversely affects the tensile performance of additive manufactured workpiece.Moreover,the defects such as gas pores can act as initiation sites for corrosion,while the chloride ions facilitate the formation of primary cells on the surface of high-nitrogen steel,leading to chloride ion erosion.Nitrogen in solid solution can prevent a decrease in the pH value of solution in high-nitrogen steel,facilitate the rapid repassivation of sample surface,and prolong the maintenance of passivation state.However,an increase in interlayer temperature results in a decrease in the nitrogen content,which leads to reduced corrosion resistance of the additive manufactured parts.

Key words: high nitrogen steel, cold metal transfer arc additive manufacturing, microstructure, mechanical property, neutral salt spray test

中图分类号:

TG444+.2

高鹏飞, 范霁康, 张建, 杨东青, 章晓勇, 王克鸿. 层间温度对高氮钢电弧增材组织与性能的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(4): 240035-.

GAO Pengfei, FAN Jikang, ZHANG Jian, YANG Dongqing, ZHANG Xiaoyong, WANG Kehong. The Influence of Interlayer Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of High Nitrogen Steel Fabricated by Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(4): 240035-.

图/表 15

图1 电弧增材制造平台

Fig.1 WAAM manufacturing platform

表1 丝材化学元素质量百分比

Table 1 Chemical elements mass percentage of wire %

C	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	N	P	S	Fe
0.072	17.01	21.48	2.26	1.22	0.78	0.017	0.007	余量

图2 前期工艺试验焊道宏观形貌及X射线检测结果

Fig.2 Macroscopic morphology and X-ray inspection results of weld bead in the preliminary process test

图3 热电偶与红外热像仪测温系统及采集温度校对图

Fig.3 Thermocouple and infrared thermal imager temperature measuring system.and temperature acquisition calibration diagram

图4 取样位置及尺寸

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of sampling location and size

表2 不同层间温度高氮钢电弧增材的热历史温度

Table 2 The thermal-history temperature curves of high nitrogen steel arc additive manufacturing at different interlayer temperatures

层间温度/℃	沉积层
层间温度/℃	4	14	24
50
150
250

图5 不同层间温度高氮钢电弧增材宏观形貌及截面

Fig.5 Macroscopic morphologies and central sections of arc additive at different interlayer temperatures

图6 高氮钢试样 XRD 图谱

Fig.6 XRD patterns of high nitrogen steel samples

图7 不同层间温度的高氮钢金相组织

Fig.7 Metallographic structures of high nitrogen steel at different interlayer temperatures

图8 不同层间温度的高氮钢电子显微组织

Fig.8 Electron microstructures of high nitrogen steel at different interlayer temperatures

图9 增材工件维氏硬度

Fig.9 Vickers hardness of additive workpiece

图10 增材工件的工程应力-应变

Fig.10 Engineering stress-strain curve of additive manufactured workpiece

图11 拉伸试样纵向断口形貌

Fig.11 Longitudinal fracture morphology of tensile specimen

图12 不同层间温度的高氮钢直壁盐雾试验腐蚀情况及锈蚀区域EDS扫描结果

Fig.12 Corrosion behavior and EDS scanning results of high-nitrogen steel straight walls at different interlayer temperatures in salt spray test

图13 HNS6T高氮钢盐雾试验腐蚀原理

Fig.13 Diagram of salt spray corrosion test principle for HNS6T high nitrogen steel

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