SiCp/2024Al复合材料热挤压对激光焊接接头组织性能的影响

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0105

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料替代铝合金制造舰船船体或装甲车体,是解决当前舰船、装甲机动性和防护性二元矛盾的潜在途径。在实际应用过程中因为供货渠道不同,此材料存在不同的状态,这对材料焊接会产生较大的影响。对不同供货状态的SiC_p/2024Al复合材料进行激光焊接,对比热挤压前后材料的焊缝成形情况,分析热挤压工艺对焊缝成形以及焊缝接头的物相和显微组织的影响;通过显微硬度,拉伸等力学性能测试,分析复合材料的断裂行为并确定其断裂机理。试验结果表明:热压烧结的SiC_p/2024Al复合材料激光焊缝中存在大量的气孔缺陷,接头的最高抗拉强度为76MPa,仅达到母材强度的28%,焊接后材料强度下降严重;采用热挤压后的复合材料进行激光焊接,焊缝完整,无气孔缺陷,接头没有出现明显的低硬度区域,接头的抗拉强度达到124MPa,相比于热挤压前的材料焊接接头抗拉强度上升60%;相较于热压烧结的材料,热挤压后的材料焊接性明显增强,接头力学性能有明显的提升。

关键词: 激光焊接, 铝基复合材料, SiC, 热挤压, 微观组织及力学性能

Abstract:

Using SiC particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites instead of aluminum alloys to manufacture the ship hulls or armored hulls is a potential way to solve the binary contradiction between maneuverability and protection. In the actual application, this material has different states due to different supply channels, which have greater impact on material welding. SiC_p/2024Al composite materials in different supply states are welded by laser beam, the weld formations of the material before and after hot extrusion are compared, and the influence of hot extrusion process on the weld formation and the phase and microstructure of welded joint is analyzed. The fracture behaviour of composite materials is analyzed and its fracture mechanism is determined through microhardness, tensile and other mechanical property tests. The results show that there are a large number of porosity defects in the laser-welded seam of SiC_p/2024Al composites sintered by hot pressing, and the highest tensile strength of the welded joint is 76MPa, which only reaches 28% of the strength of the base metal, and the material strength drops seriously after welding. After the hot-extruded composite material is welded by laser beam, the weld seam is complete, there is no air hole defect, and there is no obvious low hardness area in the welded joint. The tensile strength of welded joint reaches 124MPa, which is 60% higher than that of the welded joint before hot extrusion. Compared with the hot-pressed sintered material, the weldability of hot-extruded material is significantly enhanced, and the mechanical properties of welded joint are significantly improved.

Key words: laser welding, aluminum matrix composite, SiC, hot extrusion, microstructure and mechanical properties

中图分类号:

TJ04

韩瑞, 李晓鹏, 彭勇, 闫德俊, 王克鸿. SiC_p/2024Al复合材料热挤压对激光焊接接头组织性能的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(6): 2054-2064.

HAN Rui, LI Xiaopeng, PENG Yong, YAN Dejun, WANG Kehong. Effect of Hot Extrusion of SiC_p/2024Al Composites on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Welded Joint[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(6): 2054-2064.

图/表 18

图1 SiCp/2024Al复合材料微观组织图及颗粒形貌

Fig.1 Microstructure of SiCp/2024Al composites

表1 热挤压前后20% SiCp/2024Al的性能

Table 1 Physical properties of 20% SiCp/2024Al components before and after hot extrusion

供货状态	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	弹性模量/ GPa	抗拉强度/ MPa	屈服强度/ MPa	延伸率/%	热导率/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	热膨胀系数/ K
热烧结态	2800	103	270	140	5	146	1.74×10^-5
热挤压态	2830	102	456	339	3.7	171	1.14×10^-5

图2 激光焊接机器人系统

Fig.2 Laser welding robot system

表2 焊接工艺参数及对应的焊缝形貌

Table 2 Welding process parameters and weld morphology

图3 烧结态与热挤压态20%SiCp/2024Al激光焊接接头横截面形貌

Fig.3 Cross-section morphologies of hot-pressed sintered and hot extruded 20%SiCp/2024Al laser welded joints

图4 烧结态20%SiCp/2024Al激光焊接接头横截面金相(900W,0.01m/s)

Fig.4 Cross-section morphology of hot-sintered 20%SiCp/2024Al laser welded joint (900W,0.01m/s)

图5 焊缝区点能谱示意图

Fig.5 Energy spectrum diagram of weld zone points

表3 焊缝区点能谱

Table 3 Energy spectrum of weld zone points %

点	C	O	Al	Si	Cu
1	11.06	1.84	73.06	10.83	3.21
2	44.63	2.79	43.92	8.39	0.27
3	24.71	11.25	55.32	7.57	1.16
4	—	—	2.24	97.76	—
5	11.59	6.57	55.02	1.93	24.89
6	54.25	—	0.42	45.32	—

图6 烧结态20%SiCp/2024Al激光焊接接头XRD图谱

Fig.6 XRD patterns of hot-sintered 20%SiCp/2024Al laser welded joint

图7 热挤压态20%SiCp/2024Al激光焊接接头横截面金相

Fig.7 Cross-section morphology of hot-extruded 20%SiCp/2024Al laser welded joint (2200W,0.02m/s)

图8 激光焊接热挤压20%SiCp/2024Al焊缝区面能谱结果

Fig.8 Surface energy spectrum of hot-extruded 20%SiCp/2024Al laser welded joint (2200W,0.02m/s)

图9 焊缝接头硬度分布曲线

Fig.9 Hardness distribution curve of welded joint

图10 焊缝中Si的固溶强化

Fig.10 Solid solution strengthening of Si in welding seam

图11 不同参数的焊缝接头及母材的拉伸曲线

Fig.11 Tensile curves of base metal and welded joints with different parameters

表4 不同参数的焊缝接头及母材的拉伸试验结果

Table 4 Tensile test results of base metal and welded joints with different parameters

序号	功率/ W	焊接速度/ (m·s^-1)	抗拉强度/MPa	屈服强度/MPa	延伸率/%
热烧结态母材	—	—	270	140	5
热挤压态母材	—	—	456	339	3.7
1	900	0.01	21	1	0.5
2	950	0.01	13	3	1
3	1000	0.01	16	15	0.5
4	2200	0.02	124	110	3
5	2400	0.02	92	83	3.5
6	2200	0.018	106	96	2

图12 焊接接头断裂位置

Fig.12 Fracture position of welded joint

图13 拉伸断口形貌图

Fig.13 Tensile fracture morphologies at different levels of magnification

图14 拉伸断口的面能谱分析结果

Fig.14 Surface energy spectrum analysis of tensile fracture

参考文献 26

[1]	LLOYD D J. Particle reinforced aluminium and magnesium matrix composites[J]. International Materials Reviews, 1994, 39(1): 1-23.
[2]	BUSCH W B. Electron beam and friction welding of metal-matrix composites[C]∥Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Composite Materials. Bordeaux, France: Woodhead Publishing, 1993: 545-551.
[3]	李云亮. SiC颗粒增强ZL702合金材料制备工艺研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2016.
	LI Y L. Study on preparation technology of SiC particle reinforced ZL702 alloy[D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2016. (in Chinese)
[4]	李书志, 王铁军, 王玲. SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2017, 27(1): 64-70.
	LI S Z, WANG T J, WANG L. Research progress of SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2017, 27(1): 64-70. (in Chinese)
[5]	郭登刚, 周强, 刘睿, 等. 铝-镁-铝轻质金属层状复合靶抗弹性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(3): 598-606. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.03.016
	GUO D G, ZHOU Q, LIU R, et al. Elastic resistance of Al-Mb-Al lightweight metal laminated composite target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(3): 598-606. (in Chinese)
[6]	季小辉, 王少刚, 董桂萍. Al₂O_3p/6061Al复合材料电子束焊接可行性研究[J]. 焊接技术, 2009, 38(2): 9-12.
	JI X H, WANG T J, DONG G P. Feasibility study on electron beam welding of Al₂O_3p/6061Al composites[J]. Welding Technique, 2009, 38(2): 9-12. (in Chinese)
[7]	谭俊, 张勇. 装甲钢焊接技术研究进展[J]. 兵工学报, 2013, 34(1): 115-124. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.020
	TAN J, ZHANG Y. Research progress of welding technology for armor steel[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2013, 34(1): 115-124. (in Chinese)
[8]	LONG J, ZHANG L J, ZHANG L L, et al. Effects of minor Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joint of Al/SiC_p metal-matrix composite[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2020, 49: 373-384.
[9]	张德库, 王恒, 康路路, 等. 采用复合钎料加压钎焊70%SiC_p/Al复合材料[J]. 焊接学报, 2020, 41(6): 67-71, 100-101.
	ZHANG D K, WANG H, KANG L L, et al. The composite filler metal was used for pressure brazing of 70%SiC_p/Al composite[J]. Journal of Welding Machinery, 2020, 41(6): 67-71, 100-101. (in Chinese)
[10]	HUANG R Y, HUANG J C, CHEN S C. Electron and laser beam welding of high strain rate superplastic Al-6061/SiC composites[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2001, 32(10): 2575-2584.
[11]	赵婷. SiC_p/ZL101A非真空振动液相扩散连接下氧化膜去除工艺及机理研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2006: 18-20.
	ZHAO T. Oxidation film removal process and mechanism of SiC_p/ZL101A under non-vacuum vibration liquid phase diffusion connection[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology, 2006: 18-20. (in Chinese)
[12]	董翠鸽, 王日初, 彭超群, 等. SiC_p/Al复合材料研究进展[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2021, 31(11): 3161-3181.
	DONG C G, WANG R C, PENG C Q, et al. Research progress of SiC_p/Al composites[J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2021, 31(11): 3161-3181. (in Chinese)
[13]	GAO Z, YANG H Y, FENG J G, et al. Flux-free diffusion joining of SiC_p/6063 Al matrix composites using liquid gallium with nano-copper particles in atmosphere environment[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(3): 437.
[14]	冯涛, 吴鲁海, 楼松年. 含Ni夹层SiC_p/2014Al铝基复合材料扩散焊[J]. 航空材料学报, 2006, 26(4): 84-87.
	FENG T, WU L H, LOU S N. Diffusion welding of SiC_p/2014Al aluminum matrix composites with Ni interlayer[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2006, 26(4): 84-87. (in Chinese)
[15]	LIU G F, CHEN T J, WANG Z J. Effects of solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC_p/2024 Al composite: a comparison with 2024 Al alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, 817: 141413.
[16]	周春辉. 激光熔覆粉末流-熔池温度场与流场数值模拟[D]. 福州: 福建工程学院, 2021: 12-18.
	ZHOU C H. Numerical simulation of temperature field and flow field of laser cladding powder flow[D]. Fuzhou: Fujian University of Technology, 2021: 12-18. (in Chinese)
[17]	Matsunawa A, SETO N, KIM J D, et al. Dynamics of keyhole and molten pool in high-power CO₂ laser welding[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2000, 3888: 34-45.
[18]	谭柱华. 高体积分数金属基复合材料SiC_p/2024Al动态力学性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2007: 22-25.
	TAN Z H. Dynamic mechanical properties of high volume fraction metal matrix composites SiC_p/2024Al[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2007: 22-25. (in Chinese)
[19]	杨谋, 杨琴文, 马亚亚. Al-Ag-Cu-Ti反应扩散连接SiC_p/2009Al复合材料的工艺研究[J]. 国防制造技术, 2017(3): 12-17.
	YANG M, YANG Q W, MA Y Y. Study on the process of Al-Ag-Cu-Ti reaction-diffusion bonding SiC_p/2009Al composites[J]. Defense Manufacturing Technology, 2017(3): 12-17. (in Chinese)
[20]	胡宽. SiC_p/2024Al激光熔化沉积焊接界面反应行为及微观组织调控[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2020: 47-48.
	HU K. Reaction behavior and microstructure regulation of SiC_p/2024Al laser melting deposition welding interface[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020: 47-48. (in Chinese)
[21]	康路路. 高体积分数SiC_p/Al复合材料钎接—扩散复合连接工艺研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016: 28-30.
	KANG L L. Study on brazing and diffusion bonding technology of high volume fraction SiC_p/Al composites[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016: 28-30. (in Chinese)
[22]	王春伟. 增强颗粒特征对SiC_p/Al复合材料力学性能的影响研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2018: 44-49.
	WANG C W. Effect of reinforcement particle characteristics on mechanical properties of SiC_p/Al composites[D]. Xi’an: Chang’an University, 2018: 44-49. (in Chinese)
[23]	CHEN J P, HE G J, GU L. Adopting composite geometric models for the heat conduction simulation of SiC_p/Al matrix composites in the electrical discharge machining[C]∥Proceedings of the 2020 8th International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Materials Engineering, Chengdu, China: IOP Publishing, 2020, 1699: 012034.
[24]	MANE P J, SHANTHARAJA M. Ageing kinetics of SiC_p reinforced Al metal matrix composites[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 46:7962-7965.
[25]	吴桥. 高体积分数SiC_p/Al复合材料激光焊接技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2015: 22-25.
	WU Q. Study on laser welding technology of high volume fraction SiC_p/Al composites[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015: 22-25. (in Chinese)
[26]	RIQUELME A, RODRIGO P, DOLORES E-R M, et al. Analysis and optimization of process parameters in Al-SiC_p laser cladding[J]. Optics & Lasers in Engineering, 2016, 78: 165-173.