选区激光熔化复合成形钢铜异质结构界面微观组织与力学性能

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2021.0721

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

机加工与选区激光熔化(SLM)复合成形可实现零件高效率、低成本、异种材料成形。研究在高强度机加工钢基板上SLM成形高热导率铜合金,将SLM技术与传统机加工技术相结合,复合成形复杂双金属结构。利用SLM技术在机加工316L基体材料上成形CuSn10合金,阐明了复合工艺下成形的钢铜异质结构其界面处的微观组织与力学性能。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱检测对界面处的微观组织及元素分布进行观察分析;通过拉伸试验以及显微硬度的测量对复合成形钢铜异质结构的力学性能进行分析。分析结果表明:钢和铜相互扩散渗透,在界面处熔合区形成钢和铜相互包围的冶金结合区域,在靠近316L基体侧结合区发现显微裂纹,并且向316L基体延伸;结合区域抗拉强度达到361.65±5.45MPa,延伸率为3.9%±0.1%,界面处显微硬度由316L基体区域的244.9HV逐渐降低到CuSn10区域的155.1HV。实验结果表明,机加工与SLM技术相结合复合成形钢铜异质结构具有良好的界面结合以及力学性能。

关键词: 选区激光熔化, 复合成形, 界面结合, 微观组织, 力学性能

Abstract:

The composite forming by machining and selective laser melting (SLM) can realize the formation of parts with high efficiency, low cost and heterogeneous materials. The preparation of copper alloy with high thermal conductivity by SLM on the high-strength machined steel substrate was investigated, and the complex bimetallic structure was formed by combining the SLM technology with traditional machining technology. CuSn10 alloy was fabricated by SLM on machined 316L matrix. The interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of steel copper heterostructure manufactured by composite forming were clarified. The microstructure and element distribution at the interface were observed and analyzed by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum inpspection. The mechanical properties of the steel copper heterostructure were analyzed by tensile test and microhardness measurement. The results showed that: steel and copper diffused and penetrated each other, and a metallurgical bonding area surrounded by steel and copper was formed at the interface; microcracks were found in the bonding area near the 316L matrix and extending to the 316L matrix; the tensile strength of the bonding area reached 361.65MPa±5.45MPa and the elongation was 3.9%±0.1%; the microhardness at the interface gradually decreased from 244.9HV in 316L matrix area to 155.1HV in CuSn10 area. The experimental results revealed that the steel copper heterostructure formed by the combination of machining and SLM has good interface bonding and mechanical properties.

Key words: selective laser melting, hybrid manufacture, interface bonding, microstructure, mechanical properties

中图分类号:

TH162

李忠华, 陈彦磊, 刘斌, 蒯泽宙, 路声宇, 史京帅. 选区激光熔化复合成形钢铜异质结构界面微观组织与力学性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(2): 605-614.

LI Zhonghua, CHEN Yanlei, LIU Bin, KUAI Zezhou, LU Shengyu, SHI Jingshuai. Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel-copper Heterostructure Prepared by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(2): 605-614.

图/表 14

图1 CuSn10粉末形貌、粒径分布

Fig.1 Morphology and particle size distribution of CuSn10 powder

表1 CuSn10合金粉末化学成分

Table 1 Chemical composition of CuSn10 alloy powder

元素	Sn	S	C	O	Cu
含量/%	9.94	≤0.001	≤0.25	0.0466	其余

表2 316L材料化学成分

Table 2 Chemical composition of 316L material

元素	C	Si	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	Fe
含量/%	0.022	0.506	1.207	16.20	10.05	2.03	其余

图2 SLM过程示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of SLM process

表3 EP-M150设备参数

Table 3 EP-M150 equipment parameters

参数	取值
最大成型尺寸	Φ150mm×120mm³
激光器类型	500W光纤激光器
聚焦光斑直径/μm	40~70
铺粉层厚/μm	20~50
成型速度/(cm³·h^-1)	5.0~7.5
最大扫描速度/(m·s^-1)	8

表4 SLM工艺参数

Table 4 SLM process parameters

工艺因素	激光功率/ W	扫描速度/ (mm·s^-1)	扫描间距/ μm	层厚/ μm
工艺参数	195	550	80	20

图3 3种拉伸件示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the three kinds of drawing parts

图4 CuSn10/316L界面结合区金相图

Fig.4 Metallographic diagram of CuSn10/316L interface bonding area

图5 CuSn10/316L界面结合区SEM图

Fig.5 SEM of CuSn10/316L interface bonding area

图6 结合区EDS面扫描(放大600倍)

Fig.6 EDS area scan of bonding area (600×)

图7 结合区EDS线扫描

Fig.7 EDS line scan of bonding area

图8 界面处显微硬度曲线

Fig.8 Curve of microhardness at interface

图9 拉伸试验结果对比

Fig.9 Comparison of tensile test results

图10 复合结构试样拉伸断口形貌图

Fig.10 Tensile fracture morphology of composite structure sample

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