DNP基熔铸炸药的力学性能和失效准则

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0940

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

3,4-二硝基吡唑(3,4-dinitropyrazole,DNP)基熔铸炸药由于兼具高能量和高安全性,在含能材料领域具有广阔的应用前景,研究该炸药在不同应力状态下的力学性能和失效形式,将对其工程化提供理论和试验支撑。采用美国伊斯特朗(INSTRON)5965万能材料试验机、分离式霍普金森压杆对DNP基熔铸炸药典型配方进行准静态压缩力学性能、动态压缩力学性能以及准静态拉伸力学性能测试,分析添加剂(Cellulose Acetate Butyrate,CAB)含量、应变率等因素对力学性能的影响,研究DNP基熔铸炸药在准静态压缩、动态压缩和准静态巴西劈裂条件下的失效形式。研究结果表明:DNP基熔铸炸药的抗压强度整体随应变率的升高而增加;在准静态加载下,抗压强度随着添加剂含量的增加而降低,而在动态加载下则呈相反的变化趋势,当添加剂含量达到一定值时,熔铸炸药的抗拉强度显著提高;不同加载条件下DNP基熔铸炸药满足的强度失效准则不同,其中准静态压缩符合最大剪应力准则,动态压缩符合最大拉应变准则,巴西圆盘试验符合最大拉应力准则。

关键词: 3,4-二硝基吡唑, 熔铸炸药, 力学性能, 添加剂, 强度失效准则

Abstract:

3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP)-based melt-cast explosive, characterized by its high energy content and enhanced safety, holds significant promise for applications in the field of energetic materials. Research into the mechanical properties and failure modes of this explosive under various stress conditions will provide essential theoretical and experimental support for its engineering applications. In this study, the quasi-static compressive mechanical properties, dynamic compressive mechanical properties, and quasi-static tensile mechanical properties of DNP-based melt-cast explosives are test using Instron 5965 universal materials testing machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The influences of factors such as the content of additive (cellulose acetate butyrate) and strain rate on the mechanical properties are analyzed. The failure modes of DNP-based melt-cast explosives under quasi-static compression, dynamic compression, and quasi-static Brazilian splitting conditions are studied. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of DNP-based melt-cast explosives generally increases with an increase in strain rate. The compressive strength decreases with an increase in the content of the additive under quasi-static loading, while it increases with an increase in the content of the additive underdynamic loading. A significant improvement in the tensile strength of melt-cast explosives is observed when the content of the additive reaches a certain threshold. Furthermore, the applicable strength failure criteria for DNP-based melt-cast explosives differ under different loading conditions, the quasi-static compression follows the maximum shear stress criterion, the dynamic compression adheres to the maximum tensile strain criterion, and the Brazilian disc test conforms to the maximum tensile stress criterion.

Key words: 3,4-dinitropyrazole, melt-cast explosive, mechanical property, additive, strength failure criterion

中图分类号:

O385
TJ012.4

徐跃跃, 张向荣, 高家乐, 刘战伟, 苗飞超, 刘攀, 周霖. DNP基熔铸炸药的力学性能和失效准则[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(9): 3114-3124.

XU Yueyue, ZHANG Xiangrong, GAO Jiale, LIU Zhanwei, MIAO Feichao, LIU Pan, ZHOU Lin. Mechanical Properties and Failure Criteria of DNP-based Melt-cast Explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 3114-3124.

图/表 25

表1 DNP与TNT性能比较

Table 1 Comparison of DNP and TNT performances

炸药	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	熔点/℃	爆速/ (m·s^-1)	爆压/GPa
DNP	1.87	85	8104	29.4
TNT	1.65	81	6900	21.0

表2 试验配方

Table 2 Test formulation

配方	组分
1	DNP/HMX=40/60
2	DNP/HMX/功能助剂=39/60/1
3	DNP/HMX/功能助剂=37/60/3

图1 群模模具

Fig.1 Group mold mould

表3 各配方药柱规格

Table 3 Specifications of different formula grains

配方	编号	直径/ mm	高度/ mm	质量/ g	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	平均密度/ (g·cm^-3)
	1	10.06	9.98	1.43	1.80
1	2	10.05	10.03	1.43	1.80	1.81
	3	10.01	10.00	1.42	1.81
	4	10.02	10.00	1.43	1.81
	1	10.03	9.99	1.43	1.81
2	2	9.99	10.03	1.42	1.81	1.80
	3	9.99	5.07	0.71	1.80
	4	10.03	5.02	0.72	1.80
	1	10.01	9.97	1.41	1.80
3	2	10.01	10.07	1.42	1.80	1.80
	3	9.96	5.06	0.71	1.80
	4	10.00	5.10	0.72	1.81

图2 单轴压缩和巴西圆盘试验试样

Fig.2 Uniaxial compression and Brazilian disc test specimen

图3 万能材料试验机与试验前试样状态

Fig.3 Uniaxial compression and Brazilian disc test specimen

图4 SHPB试验装置

Fig.4 SHPB test apparatus

表4 杆件参数

Table 4 Bar parameters

杆件及子弹	长度/ mm	直径/ mm	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	弹性模量/GPa	波速/ (m·s^-1)
入射杆	1060
透射杆	1060	14.5	2.78	70	5018
阻尼杆	600
子弹	200

图5 采集的波形信号与应力平衡情况

Fig.5 Collected waveform signals and stress equilibrium status

图6 巴西圆盘试验原理图

Fig.6 Brazilian disc test principle diagram

图7 准静态压缩应力-应变曲线

Fig.7 Quasi-static compressive stress-strain curve

表5 10-4s-1应变率对比

Table 5 Comparison of strain rates at 10-4s-1

配方	抗压强度/MPa	失效应变	Δε_f/%	弹性模量/GPa
1	8.54	0.0121		1.02
2	6.51	0.0124	2.5	0.74
3	5.37	0.0139	15	0.44

表6 10-2s-1应变率对比

Table 6 Comparison of strain rates at 10-2s-1

配方	抗压强度/MPa	失效应变	Δε_f/%	弹性模量/GPa
1	9.84	0.0116		0.98
2	7.45	0.0102	-12	1.00
3	6.11	0.0138	19	0.60

图8 准静态压缩后裂纹形貌

Fig.8 Crack morphologies of Formulations 1 and 2 after quasi-static compression

图9 配方1~配方3准静态压缩后微观形貌(左、右均为垂直于断面视图)

Fig.9 Microscopic morphologies of Formulations 1-3 after quasi-static compression (Both left and right are perpendicular to the cross-sectional view)

图10 常温条件下配方1~配方3动态压缩应力-应变曲线

Fig.10 Dynamic mechanical test results at room temperature

表7 70s-1应变率对比

Table 7 Comparison of strain rates at 70s-1

配方	抗压强度/MPa	失效应变	Δε_f/%	弹性模量/GPa
1	10.2	0.0043		3.40
2	13.5	0.0051	18.6	5.02
3	14.3	0.0057	32.6	5.46

表8 180s-1应变率对比

Table 8 Comparison of strain rates at 180s-1

配方	抗压强度/MPa	失效应变	Δε_f/%	弹性模量/GPa
1	13.9	0.0056		5.71
2	20.2	0.0046	-17.9	6.96
3	25.7	0.0058	3.6	11.05

表9 230s-1应变率对比

Table 9 Comparison of strain rates at 230s-1

配方	抗压强度/MPa	失效应变	Δε_f/%	弹性模量/GPa
1	17.1	0.0042		6.62
2	21.8	0.0058	38.1	6.27
3	23.1	0.0063	50.0	10.87

图11 配方2不同应变率压缩后的断裂形貌

Fig.11 Fracture morphologies of Formulation 2 after compression at different strain rates

图12 200~300s-1应变率下配方1~配方3的破坏程度

Fig.12 Damage levels of Formulations 1-3 at strain rates of 200-300s-1

图13 压缩后圆盘形态

Fig.13 Disc morphology after compression

图14 裂纹扩展过程

Fig.14 Crack propagation process

图15 巴西圆盘试验载荷-位移曲线

Fig.15 Brazilian disc test load-displacement curve

图16 配方1~配方3巴西圆盘试验断面形貌

Fig.16 Fracture surface morphologies of Formulations 1-3 in Brazilian disc test

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