金属材料动态剪切测试方法

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0046

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

材料的动态剪切性能参数是进行弹箭及装甲防护系统设计的重要基础。由于目前所采用的拉伸剪切试样在应力均匀性及受力状态方面仍存在问题,给测试结果的准确性带来影响。采用数值模拟对5种常见拉伸剪切试样进行了对比分析,并针对现有问题设计出一种新型拉伸剪切试样。该试样在准静态、动态加载下应力分布均匀而且接近纯剪切的应力状态,适合在大应变率、大应变范围内对材料的剪切力学性能进行准确测试。通过与压缩加载下双剪切试样的测试结果进行对比,发现两种试样获得的应力-应变曲线吻合较好,而且新型试样具有更长的塑性流动段。采用有限元软件对TC4钛合金试样的变形及断裂过程进行了模拟,并通过与高速摄影结果进行对比发现两者剪切区的变形及裂纹扩展情况相互吻合,从而验证了试样设计及数值模拟结果的有效性。

关键词: 金属材料, 力学性能, 剪切测试, 高应变率, 动态加载

Abstract:

The dynamic shear performance parameters of materials are the important basis for the design of missiles, rockets and armor protection systems. However, there are still problems in the stress uniformity and force state of existing tensile shear specimens, which affect the reliability of test results. Five kinds of tensile shear specimens were compared and analyzed by numerical simulations. In order to solve the existing problems, a new type of tensile shear specimen was designed. The stress distribution of the new specimen is uniform for both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, and the stress state is close to pure shear, which is suitable for the accurate testing of shear mechanical properties of materials in large ranges of strain rate and strain. Compared with the test results of double shear specimens (DSS) under compressive loading, it was found that the stress-strain curves were in good agreement, and the new specimen had a longer plastic flow stage. Moreover, numerical simulations were performed to study the deformation and fracture processes of the TC4 titanium alloy specimen, and good consistency was observed between the simulation results and the images taken by the high-speed camera. Therefore, the validity of the specimen design and numerical simulation results is further verified.

Key words: metallic material, mechanical property, shear test, high strain rate, dynamic loading

杜雨田, 许泽建, 虎宏智, 黄风雷. 金属材料动态剪切测试方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(5): 1502-1512.

DU Yutian, XU Zejian, HU Hongzhi, HUANG Fenglei. Dynamic Shear Test Method of Metallic Materials[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(5): 1502-1512.

图/表 25

图1 5种试样的几何外形及剪切区网格细化情况

Fig.1 Geometric shape and mesh refinement in the shear zone of five specimens

表1 剪切区尺寸

Table 1 Shear zone size of the specimens

试样	剪切区
试样	长度/mm	宽度/mm	厚度/mm
圆弧形缺口试样	4	4	1
平板剪切试样	9	4	2
角形缺口试样	9	4	2
蝴蝶形试样	5	1.5	5
长圆柱体剪切试样	12	1.5	4.6

表2 材料物理参数

Table 2 Physical parameters of the materials

材料	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	弹性模量/GPa	泊松比	比热/(mJ· g^-1·℃^-1)	电导率/(W· m^-1·℃^-1)
Cu	8.96	108	0.34	383	388
TC4	4.43	144	0.33	470	6.7

表3 材料J-C本构模型参数

Table 3 J-C constitutive model parameters of the materials

材料	A/MPa	B/MPa	C	n	m	T_m/K	T_r/K
Cu	352.1	170.3	0.0135	0.417	0.5834	1356	93
TC4	971.59	362.39	0.016	0.1298	0.5839	1941	93

图2 剪切区扭转示意图

Fig.2 Torsion diagram of shear zone

图3 试样扭转角度对比

Fig.3 Comparison of torsion angle of the specimens

图4 5种试样等效应力云图

Fig.4 Equivalent stress nephograms of the five specimens

图5 试样应力三轴度对比图

Fig.5 Comparison of stress triaxiality of the specimens

图6 蝴蝶形试样剪切区的等效应力和静水压力分布图

Fig.6 Distribution of equivalent stress and hydrostatic pressure in the shear zone of the butterfly-shaped specimen

图7 新型剪切试样几何外形及尺寸

Fig.7 Geometric shape and size of the new shear specimen

图8 动态测试入射应力脉冲

Fig.8 Incident stress pulse of dynamic test

图9 准静态下新型剪切试样等效应力云图

Fig.9 Equivalent stress nephogram of the new shear specimen under quasi-static loading

图10 准静态下新型试样剪切区应力、应变分量曲线

Fig.10 Stress and strain component curves in the shear zone of the new specimen under quasi-static loading

图11 模拟装配图

Fig.11 Assembly diagram in simulation

图12 新型剪切试样动态加载下等效应力云图

Fig.12 Equivalent stress nephogram of the new shear specimen under dynamic loading

图13 剪切区宽度方向路径图

Fig.13 Diagram of path along the direction of shear zone width

图14 沿剪切区宽度方向路径三轴度、罗德参数分布图

Fig.14 Distribution of triaxiality and lode parameter along the direction of shear zone width

图15 剪切区平均三轴度、罗德参数随PEEQ演化曲线

Fig.15 Evolution curves of average triaxiality and lode parameter with equivalent plastic strain

图16 不同材料曲线对比图

Fig.16 Comparison of different materials

图17 试验前后试样对比

Fig.17 Comparison of the specimen before and after test

图18 典型实验波形图

Fig.18 Typical experimental waveforms

图19 试样力平衡验证

Fig.19 Cerification of force balance

图20 实验和模拟所得应力-应变曲线对比

Fig.20 Comparison of stress-strain curves obtained from experiments and simulations

图21 新型剪切试样和双剪切试样试验曲线对比图

Fig.21 Comparison of test curves of the new shear specimen and the double shear specimen

表4 高速摄像与模拟变形对比

Table 4 Comparison of deformation figures obtained from high speed camera and simulations

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