火炮电涡流制退机用钕铁硼的热退磁特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0616

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

永磁式电涡流制退机是火炮后坐阻力高效控制领域中一种具有创新性的设计,在耗能密度大、工作环境相对密闭的火炮应用场景下电涡流制退机会出现严重的温升现象,高温会导致钕铁硼材料磁性能的下降继而影响制退特性,现阶段钕铁硼的热退磁过程尚不明晰且缺乏理论表达。为掌握钕铁硼热退磁特性,基于微磁模拟方法,从微观磁矩受热运动的角度定量分析不同温度下钕铁硼的退磁过程,得到宏观钕铁硼的退磁曲线。为使退磁曲线更好地指导工程设计,使用J-A模型对钕铁硼退磁行为进行理论描述,并进行实验验证。分别基于传统的剩余磁通密度模型和J-A模型开展钕铁硼退磁与阻力退化的磁热耦合数值计算,通过与原理样机试验结果进行对比发现,J-A模型对钕铁硼磁性能的描述更为准确。计算不同工作温度及膛压下制退机工作性能,分析温度场下钕铁硼退磁特性及制退机阻尼特性。研究结果表明,最恶劣工况下钕铁硼最大退磁量为0.351T,制退机最大后坐位移为1108mm,这为电涡流制退机的设计提供了理论参考。

关键词: 火炮电涡流制退机, 钕铁硼, 微磁理论, 退磁特性

Abstract:

Permanent magnet eddy current recoil brake is an innovative design in the field of efficient control of recoil resistance of artillery. In the application scenario of artillery with high energy consumption density and relatively closed working environment, there is a serious temperature rise in the eddy current recoil brake. High temperature will lead to the decrease in the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B materials and then affect the recoil characteristics. At present, the thermal demagnetization process of Nd-Fe-B is not clear and lacks theoretical expression. In order to grasp the thermal demagnetization characteristics of Nd-Fe-B, the demagnetization process of NdFeB at different temperatures is quantitatively analyzed from the perspective of microscopic magnetic moment heating motionbased on the micromagnetic simulation method, and the demagnetization curve of macroscopic Nd-Fe-B is obtained. In order to use the demagnetization curve for better guiding the engineering design, the J-A model is used to describe the demagnetization behavior of Nd-Fe-B, and the experimental verification is carried out. The magneto-thermal coupling numerical calculation of demagnetization and resistance degradation of Nd-Fe-B is carried out based on the traditional residual magnetic flux density model and the J-A model. By comparing with the experimental results of the prototype, it is found that the J-A model is more accurate in describing the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B. The working performance of recoil brake under different working temperatures and chamber pressures is calculated, and the demagnetization characteristics of Nd-Fe-B and the damping characteristics of recoil brake under the temperature field are analyzed. The results show that the maximum demagnetization of Nd-Fe-B is 0.351T under the worst working conditions, and the maximum recoil displacement of recoil brake is 1108mm, which provides a theoretical reference for the design of eddy current recoil brake.

Key words: gun eddy current recoilbrake, Nd-Fe-B, micromagnetic theory, demagnetization characteristic

中图分类号:

TJ301

孙正平, 杨国来, 李雷, 王丽群. 火炮电涡流制退机用钕铁硼的热退磁特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(8): 2712-2727.

SUN Zhengping, YANG Guolai, LI Lei, WANG Liqun. Thermal Demagnetization Characteristics of Nd-Fe-B Used in Eddy Current Recoil Mechanism of Artillery[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(8): 2712-2727.

图/表 28

图1 单晶钕铁硼退磁过程的微磁学数值模拟

Fig.1 Micromagnetic numerical simulation of Nd-Fe-B single crystal demagnetization process

表1 钕铁硼磁性参数设置

Table 1 Magnetic parameters of Nd-Fe-B

晶相	M_s/(A·m^-1)	K₁/(J·m^-3)	A_e/(J·m^-1)	α
主相	1.28×10⁶	4.2×10⁶	1.047×10^-11	0.010
界相	1.28×10³	4.2×10⁴	1.047×10^-12	0.002

图2 钕铁硼有限元微磁多晶模型

Fig.2 Finite element micromagnetic polycrystal model of Nd-Fe-B

图3 钕铁硼退磁过程中的磁矩分布云图

Fig.3 Cloud diagram of magnetic moment distribution during demagnetization

图4 微磁模拟输入与结果

Fig.4 Micro-magnetic simulation input and result

图5 温度场影响钕铁硼退磁过程的微观机理

Fig.5 Microscopic mechanism of the effect of temperature field on the demagnetization process of Nd-Fe-B

图6 不同形状晶粒表面的退磁场

Fig.6 Demagnetizing field of different crystal grain surfaces

图7 退磁过程中磁畴运动引发的现象

Fig.7 Phenomenon caused by magnetic domain movement in demagnetization process

图8 实验设备及测试流程

Fig.8 Experimental equipment and test flow

图9 微磁数值模拟、J-A磁滞模型与实验测量得出的退磁曲线

Fig.9 Demagnetization curves obtained from micromagnetic numerical simulation, J-A hysteresis model and experimental measurement

表2 不同温度下的J-A模型参数值

Table 2 Parameter values of J-A model at different temperatures

温度/ ℃	饱和磁化强度/ (kA·m^-1)	畴间耦合参数/ (kA·m^-1)	形状参数	钉扎损耗/ (kA·m^-1)	可逆磁化率	拟合精度/ %
20	1300	102	0.840	1310	0.0002	93.1
40	1280	104	0.735	1105	0.0002	92.4
60	1250	111	0.631	848	0.0002	82.5
80	1240	97	0.549	655	0.0002	82.1
100	1220	99	0.453	480	0.0002	79.2

图10 电涡流制退机动力学建模

Fig.10 Dynamic modeling of eddy current recoilbrake

表3 氧化铝、DT4、空气的材料参数设置

Table 3 Material parameters of alumina, DT4 and air

材料	电导率/(S·m^-1)	相对介电常数	密度/(kg·m^-3)	恒压热容/(J·kg^-1·℃^-1)	导热率/(W·m^-1·℃^-1)
Al₂O₃ (内筒材料)	2.7×10⁷	1	3900	900	238
DT4 (外筒材料)	2.0×10⁷	1	7860	460	46
空气	1	1	1.293	1004	0.0244

图11 电涡流制退机数值模拟计算流程

Fig.11 Numerical calculation flow of eddy Currentrecoil brake

表4 钕铁硼基础材料参数

Table 4 Nd-Fe-B basic material parameters

电导率/(S·m^-1)	相对介电常数	密度/(kg·m^-3)	恒压热容/(J·kg^-1·℃^-1)	导热率/(W·m^-1·℃^-1)
6.25×10⁵	1	7400	400	8.95

表5 J-A磁滞模型下的钕铁硼磁性参数

Table 5 Magnetic parameters of Nd-Fe-B under J-A hysteresis model

M_s/(kA·m^-1)	α_ja/(kA·m^-1)	a	k/(kA·m^-1)	c	初始磁化强度/(kA·m^-1)
-T+1318	-0.00483T+0.93	-10.45T+1503	102	0.0002	-1.066T+1172

表6 剩余磁通密度模型下的钕铁硼磁性参数

Table 6 Magnetic parameters of Nd-Fe-B under the residual flux density model

剩磁/T	真空磁导率/(H·m^-1)	相对磁导率
-0.00134T+1.4727	4π×10⁷	e⁰^.⁰¹⁰⁸^T

图12 电磁缓冲装置实验设计

Fig.12 Experimental design of electromagnetic buffer device

图13 冲击载荷与复进力曲线

Fig.13 Impact load and reentry force curves

图14 原理样机试验、剩余磁通密度模型与J-A磁滞模型数值模拟中的电磁制退力对比

Fig.14 Comparison of electromagnetic braking forces in the impact experiment of prototype, and the numerical simulations of residual magnetic flux density model and J-A hysteresis model

图15 原理样机试验、剩余磁通密度模型与J-A磁滞模型数值模拟中的后坐位移对比

Fig.15 Comparison of recoil displacements in the impact test of prototype, and the numerical simulations of residual magnetic flux density model and J-Ahysteresis model

表7 最大后坐位移对比

Table 7 Maximum recoil displacementmm

工况	原理样机实验结果	剩余磁通模型	J-A模型
1	550	594(44)	536(-14)
2	761	864(103)	773(12)
3	867	962(95)	863(-4)

图16 两种模型对实验及微磁模拟B-H曲线的拟合与对比

Fig.16 Fitting and comparison of experimental and micro-magnetic simulation B-H curves of two models

图17 制退机内部的热积累效应数值模拟结果

Fig.17 Numerically simulated results of heat accumulation effect inside the brake

图18 各发射载荷下钕铁硼阵列的平均磁通密度变化

Fig.18 Variation of average magnetic flux density of Nd-Fe-B array under various emission loads

图19 各发射载荷下阻尼力及后坐位移变化

Fig.19 Variation of damping force and recoil displacement under various launch loads

图20 去磁量及后坐位移随温度的变化

Fig.20 Changes of demagnetization and recoil displacement with temperature

表8 不同工况下的最大去磁量及最大后坐位移

Table 8 Maximum demagnetization and maximum recoil displacement under different working conditions

工况	温度	最大去磁量/T	最大后坐位移/mm
	20	0.044	536
1	40	0.082	549
	60	0.155	570
	80	0.257	628
	20	0.052	773
2	40	0.094	796
	60	0.176	848
	80	0.317	919
	20	0.056	863
3	40	0.095	912
	60	0.179	986
	80	0.351	1108

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