The Damage Characteristics of Underwater Explosion of Explosives with Different Energy Structures on the Side Multi-cabin Structure

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.1201

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the rules of damage of explosives with different energy structures to ships, the damage characteristics of underwater explosion of explosives with different energy structures to ship multi-cabin structures are studied.The energy output structure of underwater explosions of four types of explosives, namely TNT, PBXC19, H6, and PBXN111, is simulated using arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) algorithm, and the proportions of shock wave energy and bubble energy for different explosives are obtained.Subsequently, the damage mechanisms of explosives with different energy structures on multi-cabin structures are analyzed, and the damage characteristics of explosives with different energy structures on multi cabin structures are obtained.The research results show that, under the same charge,the larger the shock wave energy of the explosive is,the more severe the damage in the shock wave stage is,and the larger the bubble energy is,the more severe the damage in the bubble stage is.PBXC19 explosive of which shock wave energy is 2.28 times more than that of TNT increases the rupture diameter of the side shell by 30.2% during the shock wave stage compared to TNT When bubbles break on the free surface,the explosive H6 of which bubble energy is 1.44 times more than that of TNT increases the rupture diameter of the side shell by 9.9% during the bubble stage compared to TNT.Increasing the shock wave energy and bubble energy of explosives significantly increase the damage effect of shock waves and bubble loads on ship multi cabin structures.

Key words: explosive, underwater explosion, energy structure, shock wave, bubble, ship damage

CLC Number:

U661.4

WANG Tao, LIU Liangtao, WANG Jinxiang, ZHANG Yifan. The Damage Characteristics of Underwater Explosion of Explosives with Different Energy Structures on the Side Multi-cabin Structure[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(1): 231201-.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Fluid and structure models

Fig.2 Construction of three-layer cabin structure

Table1 Parameters of water[43]

ρ₀/ (kg·m^-3)	C/ (m·s^-1)	γ₀	a	S₁	S₂	S₃	E/MPa
1025	1480	0.35	0	1.921	-0.096	0	0.2895

Table2 Parameters of 907A steel

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	E/Pa	μ	A/Pa	B/Pa	C	m
7850	2.1×10¹¹	0.3	4.6×10⁸	3.2×10⁸	0.022	1
n	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
0.36	0.2	0	0	0	0

Table3 Parameters of explosives

炸药	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E/GPa	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	D_C_-_J/(m·s^-1)	p_C-J/GPa
TNT	373.8	3.75	4.15	0.9	0.35	7	1630	6930	21
PBXC19	2644.4	26.79	6.13	1.5	0.5	11.5	1896	9083	34.5
H6	758.07	8.513	4.9	1.1	0.2	10.3	1760	7470	24
PBXN111	372.9	5.412	4.453	1.102	0.35	12.95	1792	6476	20.84

Fig.3 Finite element meshes with different sizes

Table4 Convergence analysis of finite element mesh

网格尺寸/cm	炸药直径/网格尺寸	压力峰值/MPa	误差/%
0.20	7.15	11.37	7.37
0.25	5.72	11.36	7.40
0.35	4.09	11.14	9.24
0.45	3.18	10.89	11.21

Table5 Comparison of numerically calculated results and experimental results

序号	试验结果	仿真结果	序号	试验结果	仿真结果
1			6
2			7
3			8
4			9
5			10

Fig.4 Experimental and simulated shock wave pressure curves

Fig.5 Shock wave pressure curves of different explosives

Fig.6 Bubble volume variation curves of different explosives

Table 6 Underwater explosion results of different explosives

炸药	压力峰值/ MPa	气泡周期/s	气泡半径/m	比冲击波能/ (MJ·kg^-1)	比气泡能/ (MJ·kg^-1)	e_t/ (MJ·kg^-1)	e_s/e_sTNT	e_b/ $e b T N T$
TNT	152	0.109	0.687	0.98	2.45	3.67	1.00	1.00
PBXC19	281	0.099	0.679	2.23	1.84	4.93	2.28	0.75
H6	159	0.123	0.760	1.15	3.53	5.01	1.17	1.44
PBXN111	194	0.130	0.799	1.80	4.16	6.41	1.84	1.70

Table 6 Underwater explosion results of different explosives

炸药	压力峰值/ MPa	气泡周期/s	气泡半径/m	比冲击波能/ (MJ·kg^-1)	比气泡能/ (MJ·kg^-1)	e_t/ (MJ·kg^-1)	e_s/e_sTNT	e_b/ $e b T N T$
TNT	152	0.109	0.687	0.98	2.45	3.67	1.00	1.00
PBXC19	281	0.099	0.679	2.23	1.84	4.93	2.28	0.75
H6	159	0.123	0.760	1.15	3.53	5.01	1.17	1.44
PBXN111	194	0.130	0.799	1.80	4.16	6.41	1.84	1.70

Fig.7 Locations of observation points in fluid and on structure

Fig.8 Interaction processes among fluids of different explosives and three-layer cabin structures

Fig.9 Shock wave pressures at observation points in the fluid domain of different explosives

Fig.10 Damage results of three-layer cabin structure caused by shock waves of different explosives

Fig.11 Damage results of three-layer cabin structure caused by bubbles of different explosives

Table7 Average rupture diameter of side shell caused by different explosives during the shock wave and bubble stages

炸药	冲击波阶段/m	气泡阶段/m
TNT	2.78	5.48
PBXC19	3.62	5.33
H6	3.14	6.02
PBXN111	3.61	6.48

Fig.12 Effective plastic strain of observation points on the structures of different explosives

References 52

[1]	荣吉利, 赵自通, 冯志伟, 等. 黑索今基含铝炸药水下爆炸性能的实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2019, 40(11):2177-2183. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001
	RONG J L, ZHAO Z T, FENG Z W, et al. Experimental study on underwater explosion performance of HNS-based aluminized explosive[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2019, 40(11):2177-2183. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001
[2]	田俊宏, 孙远翔, 张之凡. 铝氧比对含铝炸药水下爆炸载荷及能量输出结构的影响[J]. 高压物理学报, 2019, 33(6):146-154.
	TIAN J H, SUN Y X, ZHANG Z F. Influence of Al/O ratio on the underwater explosion load and energy output structure of aluminized explosives[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2019, 33(6):146-154. (in Chinese)
[3]	孙远翔, 田俊宏, 张之凡, 等. 含铝炸药近场水下爆炸冲击波的实验及数值模拟[J]. 振动与冲击, 2020, 39(14):171-178,193.
	SUN Y X, TIAN J H, ZHANG Z F, et al. Experimental and numerical simulation of underwater shock wave from near-field explosion of aluminized explosives[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2020, 39(14):171-178,193. (in Chinese)
[4]	项大林, 荣吉利, 李健, 等. 黑索今基含铝炸药的铝氧比对爆轰性能及其水下爆炸性能的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2013, 34(1):45-50. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.009
	XIANG D L, RONG J L, LI J, et al. Effects of Al/O ratio on detonation performance and underwater explosion performance of HNS-based aluminized explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2013, 34(1):45-50. (in Chinese)
[5]	曹威, 何中其, 陈网桦, 等. 水下爆炸法测量含铝炸药后燃效应[J]. 含能材料, 2012, 20(2):229-233.
	CAO W, HE Z Q, CHEN W H, et al. Measurement of afterburning effect of aluminized explosives by underwater explosion method[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2012, 20(2):229-233. (in Chinese)
[6]	张远平, 池家春, 龚晏青, 等. 含铝炸药水下爆炸性能的实验研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2010, 24(4):316-320.
	ZHANG Y P, CHI J C, GONG Y Q, et al. Experimental study on the underwater explosion performance of aluminized explosives[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2010, 24(4):316-320. (in Chinese)
[7]	周俊祥, 于国辉, 李澎, 等. RDX/Al含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究[J]. 爆破, 2005, 22(2):4-6,10.
	ZHOU J X, YU G H, LI P, et al. Underwater explosion experimental study on RDX/Al aluminized explosive[J]. Blasting, 2005, 22(2):4-6,10. (in Chinese)
[8]	冯凇, 饶国宁, 彭金华. CL-20基含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究与数值模拟[J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(8):686-695.
	FENG S, RAO G N, PENG J H. Experimental study and numerical simulation of underwater explosion of CL-20 based aluminum containing explosives[J]. Chinese Journalof Energetic Materials, 2018, 26(8):686-695. (in Chinese)
[9]	冯凇. CL-20及其含铝炸药水下爆炸特性的数值模拟与实验研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2019.
	FENG S. Numerical simulation and experimental study on underwater explosion characteristics of CL-20 and its aluminum containing explosives[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Technology, 2019. (in Chinese)
[10]	王莹, 秦业志, 王志凯, 等. 不同类型炸药水下爆炸时冰层损伤特性研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2022, 41(9):189-198.
	WANG Y, QIN Y Z, WANG Z K, et al. Research on the characteristics of ice damage during underwater explosions of different types of explosives[J]. Vibration and Shock, 2022, 41(9):189-198. (in Chinese)
[11]	徐洋, 王中. 新型氧化剂AP-LiP复合物对水下爆炸能量输出结构的影响[J]. 含能材料, 2022, 30(6):591-596.
	XU Y, WANG Z. The effect of a new oxidant AP-LiP complex on the energy output structure of underwater explosions[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2022, 30(6):591-596. (in Chinese)
[12]	李雪交, 吴勇, 王琦, 等. 含能微球敏化乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2022, 42(3):032301.
	LI X J, W Y, WANG Q, et al. Research on the energy output characteristics of underwater explosion of emulsified explosives sensitized by energy containing microspheres[J]. Explosion and Shock, 2022, 42 (3):032301. (in Chinese)
[13]	杨斐, 王建灵, 罗一鸣, 等. DNTF/AP/Al 体系炸药的能量特性分析[J]. 爆破器材, 2014(5):11-14.
	YANG F, WANG J L, LUO Y M, et al. Energy characteristics analysis of DNTF/AP/Al system explosives[J]. Explosive Equipment, 2014(5):11-14. (in Chinese)
[14]	REN S F, ZHAO P F, WANG S P, et al. Damage prediction of stiffened plates subjected to underwater contact explosion using the machine learning-based method[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 266(2):112839.
[15]	JAMES L B, ARUN S. Underwater explosion response ofcurved composite plates[J]. Composite Structures, 2015,134:716-725.
[16]	AVACHAT S, ZHOU M. High-speed digital imaging and computationalmodeling of hybrid metal-composite plates subjected to water-based impulsive loading[J]. Experimental Mechanics, 2016, 56(4):545-567.
[17]	毛致远, 段超伟, 宋浦, 等. 基于有效冲量的水下爆炸冲击波对平板结构的毁伤准则[J]. 高压物理学报, 2023, 37(2):132-142.
	MAO Z Y, DUAN C W, SONG P, et al. Damage criteria for flat plate structures caused by underwater explosion shock waves based on effective impulse[J]. Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2023, 37(2):132-142. (in Chinese)
[18]	张晓庆, 张庆辉, 黄潇, 等. 基于CEL方法的钢制平板近距水下爆炸数值模拟[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2022, 44(11):8-11.
	ZHANG X Q, ZHANG Q H, HUANG X, et al. Numerical simulation of close range underwater explosions on steel flat plates based on CEL method[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2022, 44 (11):8-11. (in Chinese)
[19]	代利辉, 吴成, 安丰江. 水下爆炸载荷下固支方板的动态毁伤模式[J]. 兵工学报, 2020, 41(增刊2):111-119.
	DAI L H, WU C, AN F J. Dynamic damagemode of fixed supported square plates under underwater explosion load[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(S2):111-119. (in Chinese)
[20]	张斐. 水下爆炸作用下焊接钢板变形及破损规律研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2019.
	ZHANG F. Research on deformation and damage laws of welded steel plates under underwater explosion[D]. Taiyuan: North Central University, 2019. (in Chinese)
[21]	郑监, 卢芳云, 李翔宇. 金属板在水下爆炸加载下的动态响应研究进展[J]. 中国测试, 2018, 44(10):20-30.
	ZHENG J, LU F Y, LI X Y. Research progress on dynamic response of metal plates under underwater explosion loading[J]. China Testing, 2018, 44 (10):20-30. (in Chinese)
[22]	WU J Y, CHONG J, LONG Y, et al. Experimental study on the deformation and damage of cylindrical shell-water-cylindrical shell structures subjected to underwater explosion[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2018,127:654-665.
[23]	QU C X, REN S F, WANG S P, et al. Numerical study on dynamic buckling of a cylindrical shell subjected to underwater explosion[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024,298:116954.
[24]	WANG H T, LIU B, LEI J J, et al. Improved deep neural network for predicting structural response of stiffened cylindrical shells to far-field underwater explosion[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024,298:117258.
[25]	SURYA PRABA R P, RAMJEYAMAJEYATHILAGAM K. Numerical investigations on the large deformation behaviour of ring stiffened cylindrical shell subjected to underwater explosion[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2020,101:102262.
[26]	HUNG C F, LIN B J, HWANG J J, et al. Dynamic response of cylindrical shell structures subjected to underwater explosion[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2009, 36(8):564-577.
[27]	张开朋. 水下爆炸冲击波与气泡载荷作用下加筋圆柱壳毁伤特性实验与数值研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2019.
	ZHANG K P. Experimental and numerical study on damage characteristics of reinforced cylindrical shells under underwater explosion shock waves and bubble loads[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2019. (in Chinese)
[28]	陈高杰, 宋英杰, 邢津浩. 双爆源水下爆炸对圆柱壳结构的毁伤特性研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2024, 19(3):134-149.
	CHEN G J, SONG Y J, XING J H. Research on the damage characteristics of cylindrical shell structures caused by underwater explosions with dual detonation sources[J]. China Shipbuilding Research, 2024, 19(3):134-149. (in Chinese)
[29]	胡子啸, 李世强, 刘子晗, 等. 双层耐压加筋圆柱壳结构承载能力与抗爆性能分析[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2024, 19(3):205-216.
	HU Z X, LI S Q, LIU Z H, et al. Analysis of the load-bearing capacity and blast resistance performance of double-layer pressure resistant reinforced cylindrical shells[J]. China Shipbuilding Research, 2024, 19(3):205-216. (in Chinese)
[30]	叶珍霞, 谌勇. 水下爆炸载荷下圆管型加筋缓冲防护性能研究[J]. 噪声与振动控制, 2023, 43(1):239-243,274.
	YE Z X, CHEN Y. Research on the performance of circular tube reinforced buffer protection under underwater explosion loads[J]. Noise and Vibration Control, 2023, 43 (1):239-243,274. (in Chinese)
[31]	龙仁荣, 廖晨, 张庆明, 等. 凸型加筋锥柱结合壳深水爆炸失稳特性研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2023, 43(3):240-251.
	LONG R R, LIAO C, ZHANG Q M, et al. Study on theinstability characteristics of convex reinforced conical column combined shells in deep water explosion[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2023, 43(3):240-251. (in Chinese)
[32]	CHENG L L, HUANG F L, WU H J, et al. Comparative analysis of blast load transfer and structural damage in multi-cabin structures during air and underwater explosions[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024,297:116953.
[33]	GAO H P, TIAN H D, GAO X T. Damage characteristics of cabin in navigational state subjected to near-field underwater explosion[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023,277:114256.
[34]	HE Z H, CHEN Z H, JIANG Y B, et al. Effects of the standoff distance on hull structure damage subjected to near-field underwater explosion[J]. Marine Structures, 2020,74:102839.
[35]	QIN Y Z, WANG Y, WANG Z, et al. Investigation on similarity laws of cabin structure for the material distortion correction under internal blast loading[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2022,177:109371.
[36]	王杰, 王景焘, 黄超, 等. 一种面向舰船结构毁伤的大变形流固耦合数值计算方法[J]. 计算力学学报, 2024, 41(2):335-343.
	WANG J, WANG J T, HUANG C, et al. A large deformation fluid structure coupling numerical calculation method for ship structural damage[J]. Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2024, 41(2):335-343. (in Chinese)
[37]	郑监. 考虑波浪载荷的舰船典型结构水下爆炸响应机理研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科技大学, 2021.
	ZHENG J. Research on the underwater explosion response mechanism of typical ship structures considering wave loads[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2021. (in Chinese)
[38]	岳博闻. 近场水下爆炸对复合材料扫雷艇的损伤研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2022.
	YUE B W. Research on damage of composite minesweepers caused by near-field underwater explosions[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology, 2022. (in Chinese)
[39]	张梁. 水下接触爆炸对舰船舷侧多层防护结构毁伤机理研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2020.
	ZHANG L. Research on thedamage mechanism of underwater contact explosion on multi layer protective structures on ship side[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2020. (in Chinese)
[40]	陈岩武, 孙远翔, 王成. 水下爆炸载荷下舰船双层底部结构的毁伤特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(3):670-681. doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0390
	CHEN Y W, SUN Y X, WANG C. Damage characteristics of double layered bottom structures of ships under underwater explosion loads[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(3):670-681. (in Chinese)
[41]	贺一轩. 水下接触爆炸作用下舰船舷侧多舱防护结构毁伤吸能规律及快速计算方法研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2021.
	HE Y X. Research on the damage and energy absorption law and rapid calculation method of multi compartment protective structures on the side of ships under underwater contact explosion[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2021. (in Chinese)
[42]	金键, 朱锡, 侯海量, 等. 大型舰船在水下接触爆炸下的毁伤与防护研究综述[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2020, 40(11):111401.
	JIN J, ZHU X, HOU H L, et al. Summary of research on damage and protection of large ships under underwater contact explosion[J]. Explosion and Impact, 2020, 40(11):111401. (in Chinese)
[43]	MA T, WANG J X, LIU L T, et al. Study on directional enhancement effect of underwater explosion for cylindrical explosive with large length-to-diameter ratio and structural response of nearby water-back plate[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 266(Part 1):112614.
[44]	张亭亭. 水下接触爆炸作用下舰船舷侧结构及设备防护特性研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2017.
	ZHANG T T. Research on protective characteristics of shipboard structures and equipment subjected to underwater contact explosion[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2017. (in Chinese)
[45]	HAO H, QING J J, JIAN X N, et al. Numerical modeling of underwater explosion by one-dimensional ANSYS-AUTODYN[J]. Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 29(4):292-325.
[46]	LU J P, CHRISTO F C, KENNEDY D L, et al. Detonation modelling of corner-turning shocks in PBXN-111[C]//Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference.Sydney, Australia: The University of Sydney,2004:13-17.
[47]	SIMPSON R L, URTIEW P A, ORNELLAS D L, et al. CL-20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate[J]. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2010, 22(5):249-255.
[48]	LI X L, WANG X, LU Z H, et al. Numerical simulations of trajectories of shock wave triple points in near-ground explosions of TNT charges[J]. Energetic Materials Frontiers, 2022, 3(2):61-67.
[49]	秦健, 张延泽, 孟祥尧, 等. 近场水下爆炸过程中气泡脉动与射流载荷特性研究[J]. 中国科学:物理学力学天文学, 2022, 52(12):96-109.
	QIN J, ZHANG Y Z, MENG X Y, et al. Study on bubble pulsation and jet load characteristics during near-field underwater explosions[J]. Chinese Science:Physics, Mechanics,Astronomy, 2022, 52 (12):96-109. (in Chinese)
[50]	牟金磊, 朱锡, 李海涛, 等. 炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性试验研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2010, 24(2):88-92.
	MOU J L, ZHU X, LI H T, et al. Experimental study on energy output characteristics of underwater explosion of explosives[J]. Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2010, 24(2):88-92. (in Chinese)
[51]	BJARNHOLT G. Suggestions on standards for measurement and data evaluation in the underwater explosion test[J]. Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics, 1980, 5(2/3):67-74.
[52]	颜事龙, 张金城. 工业炸药水下爆炸能量估算[J]. 爆破器材, 1993(2):1-4.
	YAN S L, ZHANG J C. Estimation of underwater explosion energy for industrial explosives[J]. Explosive Materials and Equipment, 1993(2):1-4. (in Chinese)