聚脲/纤维复合结构的抗侵彻性能试验与数值仿真

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0709

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为增强和测试材料结构的抗破片侵彻能力,采用聚脲、芳纶纤维和2024-T351铝合金材料,通过喷涂聚脲技术构建了聚脲/纤维铝合金复合防护结构,并对聚脲的力学性能进行测定与分析。通过结构抗破片侵彻试验和数值仿真,比较了不同涂覆厚度和方式下复合材料的防护性能,得出了不同防护结构的弹道极限速度,并分析了材料的破坏模式和机理,进而研究涂层厚度与防护效果之间的关系,确定了最佳涂覆厚度比例。研究结果表明:对于采用2mm聚脲、2mm芳纶纤维涂层的铝合金复合靶板,其局部损伤程度较小;与未涂覆的情况相比,该复合靶板的弹道极限速度提高了96m/s,防护效果提升了36.64%;防护涂层厚度对弹道极限速度的提升效果有限。综合考虑面密度和材料强度等因素,数值仿真结果表明,对于4mm铝合金板的抗破片侵彻结构,聚脲/纤维涂层的最佳厚度为4~6mm,最佳厚度比例为聚脲与芳纶纤维的比例为6:4。

关键词: 聚脲, 芳纶纤维, 力学性能, 弹道极限速度, 数值仿真

Abstract:

In order to enhance and test the fragment penetration resistance of the material structure,the polyurea/aramid fiber aluminum alloy composite protection structure was constructed by spraying polyurea technology with polyurea, aramid fiber and 2024-T351 aluminum alloy materials,and the mechanical properties of polyurea are measured and analyzed. By comparing the protection properties of composite materials under different coating thicknesses and methods,the ballistic limit velocity of different protection structures were obtained,and the failure modes and mechanisms of materials were analyzed.The relationship between coating thickness and protection effect was further studied,and the optimal coating thickness ratio was determined. The results show that the local damage degree of aluminum alloy composite plate coated with 2mm polyurea/2mm aramid fiber is small. The ballistic limit velocity of the coated composite target plate is increased by 96m/s and the protective effect is increased by 36.64% compared with the uncoated condition. The thickness of the protective coating has limited effect on the ballistic limit velocity. Considering the surface density and material strength,the numerical simulation results show that the optimal thickness of polyurea/aramid fiber coating is 4mm to 6 mm,and the optimal thickness ratio is 6:4 ratio of polyurea to aramid fiber for the fragmentation resistance of 4mm aluminum alloy plate.

Key words: polyurea, aramid fiber, mechanical property, ballistic limit velocity, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TB333

龚晓慧, 饶国宁, 周如东, 朱晓丰, 孔德成, 孟辰宇. 聚脲/纤维复合结构的抗侵彻性能试验与数值仿真[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(7): 240709-.

GONG Xiaohui, RAO Guoning, ZHOU Rudong, ZHU Xiaofeng, KONG Decheng, MENG Chenyu. Test and Numerical Simulation of Penetration Resistance of Polyurea/fiber Composite Structures[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(7): 240709-.

图/表 25

图1 靶板制备过程及其结构

Fig.1 Target plate preparation process and structure diagram

表1 聚脲静态力学性能参数表

Table 1 Parameters of static mechanical properties of polyurea

参数	数值
密度ρ/(g·cm^-3)	1.1
弹性模量/MPa	509
泊松比	0.41
屈服强度/MPa	7
拉伸强度/MPa	43.1
断裂伸长率/%	270
撕裂强度/(N·mm^-1)	122
硬度/HD	65

图2 聚脲在准静态条件下的应力-应变

Fig.2 Stress-strain curve of polyurea under quasi-static condition

图3 破片实体

Fig.3 Stereogram of fragments

图4 抗破片侵彻试验装置布置

Fig.4 Arrangement of fragment resistance test setup

表2 试验工况及复合结构抗破片性能试验v50计算结果

Table 2 Test conditions and v50 calculation results of anti-fragment performance test of composite structure

工况	靶板结构	涂覆方式	底材厚度/ mm	纤维/ mm	聚脲厚度/ mm	靶板厚度/ mm	质量/kg	v₅₀/ (m·s^-1)	防护效果/ %
1	X-1	无涂覆	4			4	1.746	262
2	X-2	无涂覆				8	3.492	308	17.55
3	A-1	迎弹面涂覆聚脲			2	6	1.993	319	21.75
4	A-2	迎弹面涂覆聚脲			4	8	2.454	327	24.81
5	AB-1	迎弹面涂覆聚脲/纤维		2	2	8	2.485	358	36.64
6	AB-2	迎弹面涂覆多层聚脲/纤维		4		8	2.778	321	22.52

表3 复合靶板抗破片试验结果

Table 3 Anti-fragment test results of composite target plate

靶板结构	迎弹面	背弹面
X-1
X-2
A-1
A-2
AB-1
AB-1
AB-2

图5 聚脲/纤维复合结构抗破片侵彻效果对比

Fig.5 Comparison of the anti-fragment penetration effects of polyurea/fiber composite structure

表4 材料在不同靶板结构中的破坏模式

Table 4 Failure modes of materials in different target structures

靶板结构	示意图	靶板侵彻状态	材料类型
靶板结构	示意图	靶板侵彻状态	铝合金	聚脲	芳纶纤维
X-1、X-2		穿透	剪切冲塞
X-1、X-2		未穿透	迎:留弹坑背:鼓包
A-1、A-2		未穿透(卡在聚脲层)	鼓包	剪切冲塞
		未穿透	局部花瓣形破碎	碎片剥落
		穿透	呈规则圆形小孔,四周轻微花瓣破碎样	形变恢复,轻微碎片剥落
AB-1		未穿透	鼓包	碎片剥落	弯曲、拉伸断裂;分层
AB-1		穿透	花瓣形破碎、开裂	形变恢复,仅少部分碎片剥落	弯曲、拉伸断裂;分层
铝板背弹面涂覆聚脲/芳纶纤维		未穿透	剪切冲塞	拉伸断裂、碎片剥落	先剪切再弯曲、拉伸断裂;分层
铝板背弹面涂覆聚脲/芳纶纤维		穿透	剪切冲塞	形变无法恢复、碎片剥落	先剪切再弯曲、拉伸断裂;分层

图6 聚脲层的微观结构扫描电镜分析结果

Fig.6 SEM results of microstructure of polyurea layer

图7 卸载波和加载波相对运动和相互作用过程

Fig.7 The relative motion and interaction process of unloading wave and loading wave

图8 A型结构应力波的传播示意图

Fig.8 Propagation of stress wave in A-type structure

图9 破片结构和靶板网格划分

Fig.9 Fragment structure and meshing of target plate

图10 模型示意图

Fig.10 Model diagram

表5 Johnson-Cook模型参数[27-28]

Table 5 Parameters of Johnson-Cook model[27-28]

材料	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	剪切模量 /kPa	屈服应力/ GPa	硬化常数/ GPa	硬化指数	应变率常数	热软化指数	熔化温度/ K	参考应变率/ s^-1
铝合金板	2.785	0.276	0.265	0.426	0.34	0.015	1.00	775	1.00
破片	7.75	0.82	0.496	0.434	0.307	0.0084	0.804

表6 Puff模型参数[29]

Table 6 Parameters of Puff model[29]

材料	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	参数 A1/Pa	参数 A2/Pa	参数 A3/Pa	Grüneisen 系数	膨胀系数	升华能量/ (J·g^-1)
芳纶纤维	1.29	8.21	70.36	0.00	0.35	0.25	8230

表7 材料失效模型参数

Table 7 Parameters of material failure model

材料	失效准则	侵蚀准则
铝合金板	1.36	1.36
破片	1.60	1.60

图11 应力-应变拟合结果与试验结果对比

Fig.11 Comparison between stress-strain fitting results and test results

表8 数值仿真结果的残差与标准化残差值

Table 8 Residual and standardized residual values of numerical simulation results

序号	靶板结构	试验测试弹道极限速度/ (m·s^-1)	数值仿真弹道极限速度/ (m·s^-1)	残差值/ (m·s^-1)	标准化残差值
1	X-1	262	273	11	1.441
2	A-1	319	298	-21	-0.865
3	A-2	327	315	-12	-0.216
4	AB-1	358	344	-14	-0.360

图12 破片侵彻靶板过程对比

Fig.12 Comparison of the process of fragment penetration of the target plate

图13 靶板损伤形貌模拟细节

Fig.13 Target plate damage morphology simulation details

表9 不同防护层厚度下结构的弹道极限速度模拟结果

Table 9 Simulated results of ballistic limit velocity of structures with different thicknesses of protective layer

聚脲涂层厚度/mm	芳纶纤维涂层厚度/mm	面密度/(kg·m^-2)	v₅₀/(m·s^-1)	防护效果/%	v₅₀相对增益/%
0	0	11.14	273	0	0
1.0	1.0	16.32	295	8.06	8.06
1.5	1.5	20.30	318	16.48	7.80
2.0	2.0	24.28	344	26.01	8.18
2.5	2.5	28.26	368	34.80	6.98
3.0	3.0	32.24	392	43.59	6.52
3.5	3.5	36.22	406	48.72	3.57
4.0	4.0	40.20	418	53.11	2.96
4.5	4.5	44.18	423	54.95	1.20
5.0	5.0	48.16	428	56.78	1.18

图14 涂层厚度与弹道极限速度关系

Fig.14 Relationship between coating thickness and ballistic limit velocity

图15 不同厚度比例下的弹道极限速度与剩余速度变化

Fig.15 The variation of ballistic limit velocity and residual velocity under different thickness ratioes

表10 不同比例的聚脲和芳纶纤维在6mm防护厚度下的弹道极限速度、剩余速度模拟结果

Table 10 Simulated results of ballistic limit velocity and residual velocity of different proportions of polyurea and aramid fibers under 6mm protective thickness

聚脲涂层厚度/mm	纤维涂层厚度/mm	v₅₀/ (m·s^-1)	v_s/ (m·s^-1)	速度降低幅度/%
0	6.0	368	132	-73.60
0.6	5.4	370	129	-74.20
1.2	4.8	375	125	-75.00
1.8	4.2	383	121	-75.80
2.4	3.6	388	119	-76.20
3.0	3.0	392	116	-76.80
3.6	2.4	394	113	-77.40
4.2	1.8	391	117	-76.60
4.8	1.2	385	119	-76.20
5.4	0.6	381	121	-75.80
6.0	0	378	124	-75.20

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