模拟空爆冲击波的压缩空气驱动变截面激波管设计

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2025.0442

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为研发一种模拟空爆冲击波的压缩空气驱动变截面激波管试验装置,首先基于商用计算流体动力学软件Ansys Fluent,对经典一维Sod激波管问题、压缩空气驱动等直径和变截面激波管试验进行数值仿真分析,通过对比仿真结果与解析解和试验数据,验证了材料模型参数、边界条件和数值仿真分析方法的适用性和可靠性。其次对等直径和变截面激波管内压力脉冲演化过程进行分析,得出:稀疏波追上激波的位置为空爆冲击波的形成位置,不同扩展角的变截面激波管末端均可生成指数衰减的空爆冲击波荷载,且扩展角对冲击波波形影响很小。进一步开展了激波管几何尺寸和高压段初始压力对空爆冲击波形成位置和相应反射冲击波超压峰值的参数影响分析。结果表明:空爆冲击波形成位置与上述参数呈非线性关系,反射超压峰值随高压段直径和压力的增大而增大,随高压段长度和扩展角度减小而增大。最后,基于仿真结果和量纲分析分别建立了空爆冲击波形成位置和相应反射冲击波超压峰值的预测公式,给出了压缩空气驱动变截面激波管设计流程,并与经典Kingery-Bulmash空爆冲击波计算公式对比确定了三种典型变截面激波管的试验加载能力。

关键词: 冲击波, 压缩空气, 变截面激波管, 激波, 稀疏波

Abstract:

In order to develop a compressed air-driven variable-sectional shock tube test device for simulating the air explosion shock wave, the classical 1D Sod shock tube problem, compressed air-driven equi-diametric and variable-sectional shock tube tests were firstly numerically simulated based on Ansys Fluent software, respectively. The applicability and reliability of material model parameters, boundary conditions, and numerical simulation method were validated through the comparisons of simulation results with analytical solutions and test data. Secondly, the evolution processes of the pressure pulse in the equi-diametric and variable-sectional shock tubes were analyzed, respectively. It was found that the location where the rarefaction wave catches up with the shock wave is the formation location of the air explosion shock wave; the variable-sectional shock tubes with different expanded angles could generate air explosion shock waves with exponential decay, and the expanded angle of the low-pressure section has little effect on the waveform of shock wave. Further analysis was carried out to analyze the influence of the geometrical dimensions of the shock tube and initial pressure in the high-pressure section on the formation location of the air explosion shock wave and corresponding peak reflected overpressure. It was shown that the formation location of the air explosion shock wave and the above parameters have a nonlinear relationship. The peak reflected overpressure increases with the diameter and initial pressure of the high-pressure section increasing, as well as with the length of the high-pressure section and expanded angle of the low-pressure section decreasing. Finally, based on the simulation results and dimensional analysis, predicted formulas for the formation location of the air explosion shock wave and corresponding peak reflected overpressure were established, respectively. The design process of the compressed air-driven variable-sectional shock tube was given. The test loading capabilities of three typical variable-sectional shock tubes were determined by comparing them with the classical Kingery-Bulmash air explosion shock wave calculation formulas.

Key words: shock wave, compressed air, variable-sectional shock tube, shock wave, rarefaction wave

吴昊, 徐鹏, 陈德. 模拟空爆冲击波的压缩空气驱动变截面激波管设计[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(10): 250442-.

WU Hao, XU Peng, CHEN De. Design of Compressed Air-drivenVariable-sectional Shock Tube for Simulating Air Explosion Shock Wave[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(10): 250442-.

图/表 27

图1 不同高校的变截面激波管

Fig.1 Variable-sectional shock tubes at different universities

图2 一维Sod激波管

Fig.2 1D Sod shock tube

图3 数值仿真结果与解析解对比

Fig.3 Comparisons of simulation results with analytical solutions

图4 数值仿真结果与解析解对比

Fig.4 Comparisons of simulation results with analytical solutions

图5 等直径激波管

Fig.5 Equi-diametric shock tube

图6 数值仿真结果与试验数据对比

Fig.6 Comparisons of numerical simulation results and test data

图7 变截面激波管

Fig.7 Variable-sectional shock tube

图8 数值仿真结果与试验数据对比

Fig.8 Comparisons of numerical simulation results and test data

图9 变截面激波管和数值仿真模型

Fig.9 Variable-sectional shock tube and numerical simulation model

图10 数值仿真结果与试验数据对比

Fig.10 Comparisons of numerical simulation results and test data

图11 变截面激波管二维轴对称数值仿真模型

Fig.11 Axisymmetric numerical simulation model of variable-sectional shock tube

图12 不同时刻等直径激波管内压力分布及入射超压时程

Fig.12 Instantaneous pressure distribution inside the equi-diametric shock tube and corresponding incident overpressure-time histories

图13 变截面激波管内压力传播与分布

Fig.13 Pressure propagation and distribution inside the variable-sectional shock tube

图14 不同扩展角变截面激波管内压力分布及其反射超压时程

Fig.14 Instantaneous pressure distribution inside the variable-sectional shock tube with different expanded angle and corresponding reflected overpressure-time histories

图15 变截面激波管压力与涡度云图

Fig.15 Pressure and vorticity contours of the variable-sectional shock tube

图16 变截面激波管数值仿真模型

Fig.16 Numerical simulation model of variable-sectional shock tube

图17 空爆冲击波形成位置处的反射超压时程

Fig.17 Reflected overpressure-time histories at the formation location of air explosion shock wave

图18 空爆冲击波形成位置S和反射超压峰值Δpr

Fig.18 Air explosion shock wave formation locations and corresponding peak reflected overpressures

图19 空爆冲击波形成位置处的反射超压时程

Fig.19 Reflected overpressure-time histories at the formation location of air explosion shock wave

图20 空爆冲击波形成位置S和反射超压峰值Δpr

Fig.20 Air explosion shock wave formation locations and corresponding peak reflected overpressures

图21 空爆冲击波形成位置处的反射超压时程

Fig.21 Reflected overpressure-time histories at the formation location of air explosion shock wave

图22 空爆冲击波形成位置S和反射超压峰值Δpr

Fig.22 Air explosion shock wave formation locations and corresponding peak reflected overpressures

图23 公式预测结果与仿真结果对比

Fig.23 Comparisons of empirical formula predictions with simulation results

表1 变截面激波管设计参数

Table 1 Variable-sectional shock tube design parameters

激波管	D/m	θ/(°)	S/m	L/m	D_end/m	p₄/MPa
A	0.5	9	8.5	0.55	3	2
B	0.5	11	7	0.5	3	5
C	0.5	7	7	0.51	2	5

表2 数值仿真分析结果和式(10)预测结果对比

Table 2 Comparison of numerical simulation analysis results and Eq. (10) predictions

激波管	式(10)预测Δp_r/kPa	数值仿真Δp_r/kPa	相对误差/%
A	107.8	103.4	4.2
B	202.5	200.8	0.84
C	329.6	312.2	5.6

图24 激波管与空爆反射冲击波时程对比

Fig.24 Comparisons of reflected overpressure-time histories of shock tubes and air explosion

表3 激波管与空爆冲击波反射超压参数映射关系

Table 3 Mapping relationship of reflected overpressure parameters of shock tubes and air explosion shock waves

激波管类型	激波管冲击波				空爆冲击波
激波管类型	p₄/MPa	Δp_r/kPa	Δt₊/ms	b	爆炸当量/kg	爆炸距离/m	Δp'_r^[20]/kPa	T₊^[20]/ms	b'^[22]
	0.5	36.4	6.2	0.55	4	12	34.8	6.1	0.47
A	1	63.2	7.6	0.93	12	12	64.1	7.8	0.73
	1.5	84.5	9.6	1.47	30	14	85.9	10.0	0.87
	2	103.4	10.1	1.43	40	14	104.8	10.6	0.98
	1	63.9	6.8	0.92	9	11	63.1	7.1	0.72
	2	105.9	9.0	1.52	25	12	104.2	9.0	0.97
B	3	141.0	9.9	1.58	40	12	147.7	9.9	1.17
	4	172.3	10.4	1.55	50	12	176.1	10.3	1.28
	5	200.8	11.0	1.6	75	13	201.5	11.5	1.37
	1	100.3	7.7	1.59	14	10	101.8	7.5	0.96
	2	167.3	9.6	1.87	35	11	163.2	9.3	1.23
C	3	222.4	11.9	2.36	85	13	223.6	11.8	1.44
	4	270.3	14.9	3.02	200	16	272.7	14.9	1.58
	5	312.2	16.8	2.57	280	17	312.2	16.0	1.68

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