高声强冲击波作用人耳动态响应特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.1119

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究冲击波作用下的人耳动态响应特性,设计并开展基于某单兵火箭类武器发射环境的有/无佩戴护听器装置试验研究。在分析发射冲击波特性的基础上,设计制作人耳测试装置模型,形成耳内冲击波防护试验测试方法。通过在射手位置处布设人耳测试装置模型以获取人耳内压力-时间变化曲线,并采用超压传感器测量对比位置处的自由场冲击波压力。利用小波分析法对测到的数据进行分析,对比分析2种发射冲击波安全限值的评价方法。研究结果表明:发射时的高声强冲击波具有不稳定性,超压峰值高,持续时间短,具有多个脉冲;高声强冲击波频带宽,成分复杂,有明显的低频率高声压特性;无护听器装置时耳内压力有所增强;佩戴护听器装置后可大幅度削弱冲击波对人耳的作用,正射手右耳超压峰值削弱95.7%、声压级峰值削弱14.8%;改进后的国家军用标准GJB 2A—1996“常规兵器发射或爆炸时脉冲噪声和冲击波对人员听觉器官损伤的限值”和美军标MIL-STD-1474E“Department of defense design criteria standard noise limits”中AHAAH模型2种方法得到的单日允许射击数范围接近,对佩戴护听器装置后的冲击波测量曲线评估的方法是可行的。研究结果可为单兵火箭类武器发射冲击波测试系统优化及改进提供理论基础和实践指导。

关键词: 单兵火箭类武器, 高声强冲击波, 耳道, 耳罩, 允许日暴露次数

Abstract:

The dynamic response characteristics of human ear subjected to high-level sound intensity shock wave are studied.A series of experiments are designed and carried out by a physical headform comprising a realistic ear canal with/without hearing protectors under shock wave from an individual rocket launching.On the basis of the characteristics analysis of shock wave,a human ear test device model is designed as the research object.A test method of protective performance against shock waves for hearing protection devices(HPDs) is developed.The shock wave overpressures in the ears of gunner and assistant gunner are measured and analyzed.The measured data are analyzed by the wavelet transform method.The two kings of evaluation method for the safety limit of shock wave are compared.The results indicate that the high-intensity sound shock wave has instability,peak overpressure,short duration and multiple pulses during launching.It also has a wide spectrum with complex components and typical characteristics of low frequency and high sound pressure.The HPDs significantly reduce the effect of shock wave on the human ear,resulting in a prolonged action time and a significantly decreased peak overpressure.The peak overpressure and sound pressure level of shock wave on the gunner right ear could be attenuated by 95.7% and 14.8%,respectively.The calculated results about allowable exposure times per day from the evaluation modelin the modified GJB 2A-1996 and the AHAAH model in MIL-STD-1474E is roughly equivalent.The refined penetration formula in GJB 2A-1996 is feasible and can predict the permitted daily exposures times.This study can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for test system design optimization of the individual weapons.

Key words: individual rocket weapon, high-intensity sound shock wave, ear canal, earmuff, allowable exposure times per day

中图分类号:

O389

李冈, 胡钟铃, 胡滨, 李智宇, 蔡萌, 黄土顺. 高声强冲击波作用人耳动态响应特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(1): 231119-.

LI Gang, HU Zhongling, HU Bin, LI Zhiyu, CAI Meng, HUANG Tushun. Dynamic Response Characteristics of Human Ear Subjected to High-intensity Sound Shock Wave[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(1): 231119-.

图/表 28

表1 国内外若干武器系统发射冲击波(耳部)[17-18]

Table 1 Shock waves generated by launching of several domestic and foreign weapon systems[17-18]

类别	名称	口径/ mm	发射冲击波
类别	名称	口径/ mm	超压峰值/kPa	噪声/dB
国外	M72轻型反装甲武器	66	8.83	173
	LAW80火箭筒	80	19.62	180
	阿匹拉斯火箭筒	112	>34.92	>185
	M119榴弹炮	105	>28.10	183
	卡尔·古斯塔夫无后坐力炮	84	>31.10	>184
国内	78式82毫米无坐力炮	82	14.91	177.6
国内	PF89式单兵火箭筒	80	15.70	178

图1 人耳听觉器官系统示意图[20]

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of human ear auditory organs system[20]

图2 James损伤曲线[22]

Fig.2 James damage curves[22]

图3 Richmond损伤曲线[23]

Fig.3 Richmond damage curves[23]

图4 人耳测试装置

Fig.4 Human ear test devices

图5 试验布局

Fig.5 Test layout

表2 试验工况

Table 2 Test conditions

工况	人耳测试装置防护情况	试验发数
1	未佩戴防护设备	2
2	佩戴头盔、耳塞、耳罩	4

图6 耳塞及耳罩

Fig.6 Earplug and earmuff

表3 冲击波超压峰值测量结果

Table 3 Measured results of shock wave peak overpressure kPa

工况	测点1	测点2	测点3	测点4	射手1		射手2
工况	测点1	测点2	测点3	测点4	右耳	左耳	右耳	左耳
1-1	29.0	33.5	25.2	21.9	47.8	14.0	124.3	39.5
1-2	24.1	32.6	25.1	22.2	32.5	15.4	79.4	36.9
2-1	23.8	29.4	24.8	21.4	3.0	1.1	5.0	3.7
2-2	26.2	42.4	27.3	23.1	1.3	2.3	8.9	2.1
2-3	21.1	28.1	27.4	26.9	1.0	2.3	7.7	2.6
2-4	28.6	33.4	26.0	23.9	1.5	3.3	7.0	2.2

图7 不同位置冲击波试验结果

Fig.7 Test results of shock waves at different parts

表4 测点3、测点4区间内冲击波传播速度

Table 4 Shock wave propagation speed between measuring points 3 and 4

工况及平均值	传播速度/(m·s^-1)
1-1	404.0
1-2	404.0
2-1	363.6
2-2	425.5
2-3	425.5
2-4	431.0
平均值	408.9

图8 入射角定义

Fig.8 Incidence angle

图9 冲击波参数

Fig.9 Shock wave parameters

图10 超压峰值结果相对偏差分布

Fig.10 Relative deviation distribution of peak overpressure

图11 穿戴护听器装置后测试结果

Fig.11 Overpressure-time curves with HPDs

图12 不同位置处超压峰值/声压级峰值结果统计

Fig.12 Experimental results of peak overpressure/peak sound pressure level at different parts

图13 小波分解原理

Fig.13 Principle of wavelet decomposition

图14 冲击波信号小波分解结果

Fig.14 Wavelet decomposition results of shock wave signal

表5 小波分解频带

Table 5 Corresponding frequency band of wavelet decomposition

频段	范围/kHz	频段	范围/kHz
d₁	100~200	d₆	3.125~6.25
d₂	50~100	d₇	1.5625~3.125
d₃	25~50	d₈	0.7813~1.5625
d₄	12.5~25	d₉	0.3906~0.7813
d₅	6.25~12.5	a₉	0~0.3906

表6 评估结果

Table 6 Evaluated results

工况	超压准则		Richmond曲线		James曲线
工况	射手1	射手2	射手1	射手2	射手1	射手2
1-1	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂	有损伤	50%鼓膜破裂
1-2	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂	有损伤	50%鼓膜破裂
2-1	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂
2-2	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂
2-3	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂
2-4	有损伤	有损伤	1%的中度破裂	1%的中度破裂

图15 佩戴护听器装置耳内冲击波和自由场冲击波曲线对比

Fig.15 Comparison of overpressure curves for the free-field and with HPDs

图16 自由场和鼓膜压力对比[28]

Fig.16 The measured pressures in air and at eardrum[28]

图17 IPIL计算方法[35]

Fig.17 Computing method of IPIL[35]

图18 不同位置处听觉保护装置的脉冲噪声插入损耗

Fig.18 IPIL of hearing protection devices at different parts

表7 测点1和测点3处的声压级峰值和C-持续时间

Table 7 Peak sound pressure level and C-duration at measuring points 1 and 3

工况及平均值	正射手		副射手
工况及平均值	声压级峰值/dB	C-持续时间/ms	声压级峰值/dB	C-持续时间/ms
2-1	181.51	1.39	181.87	1.08
2-2	182.35	1.18	182.69	1.39
2-3	180.47	1.61	182.73	1.57
2-4	183.12	1.07	182.28	1.53
平均值	181.86	1.31	182.39	1.39

图19 射手1和射手2评估的暴露次数

Fig.19 Allowable number of impulse/day of Gunners 1 and 2

图20 AHAAH模型软件界面[36]

Fig.20 The screen that appears after starting the AHAAH software[36]

表8 基于AHAAA模型计算的允许日暴露次数

Table 8 Allowable exposure times per day calculated by the AHAAA model

工况	射手1				射手2
	未警告		警告		未警告		警告
	ARUs	次数	ARUs	次数	ARUs	次数	ARUs	次数
2-1	54.63	3	8.90	22	67.75	2	11.43	17
2-2	146.70	1	14.42	13	166.80	1	21.41	9
2-3	133.20	1	13.54	14	119.80	1	14.79	13
2-4	116.00	1	22.99	8	119.10	1	19.73	10

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