环形复合内衬头盔冲击波防护性能研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.1220

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冲击波防护能力是单兵头盔的主要性能指标,对提高单兵战场生存能力具有重要意义。为了提高单兵头盔的冲击波防护性能,针对先进战斗头盔内衬的结构以及布置方式展开探索,提出环形聚脲-聚氨酯泡沫-海绵复合材料外沿内衬设计,并进行防护性能评估。通过激波管和实爆,针对有/无头盔以及装配不同结构及尺寸外沿内衬头盔的冲击波防护性能展开测试,对前额、颅顶及后脑3个重点区域位置表面的冲击波波形以及压力峰值进行对比分析。实验结果表明:佩戴头盔后冲击波主要通过头-头盔间隙以绕射的形式进入并作用于头部表面,间隙内冲击波聚集叠加反而可能会使压力增强,且由于叠加汇聚效应往往导致距离爆源较远的位点,容易形成局部高压区;环形聚脲-聚氨酯泡沫-海绵复合材料外沿内衬可以有效阻挡绕射波进入头盔内部、减弱绕射波叠加效应,各测点冲击波超压衰减率均可达40%以上;在所采用的入射冲击波(弱冲击波)条件下,冲击波作用过程中形成的间隙越小,防护效果越好;当聚脲-聚氨酯泡沫材料宽度为15mm时外沿内衬与头模贴合程度最好且防护效果最优,外场爆炸实验结果显示,前额、颅顶和后脑位置超压衰减率分别可高达92.26%、88.82%和87.19%。

关键词: 头盔, 冲击波防护, 外沿内衬, 爆炸冲击波, 激波管

Abstract:

The shock wave protection ability is the main performance index of individual soldier helmet,which is of great significance to improve solider battlefield survivability.To improve the protective effect of the individual soldier helmet against shock wave,the structure and arrangement of the liner of advanced combat helmet (ACH) are explored,and a design of ring-shaped outer edge liner is proposed,and its protective effect is evaluated.The protection performances of helmets with different structures and sizes of outer edge liner are tested in shock tube and real explosion field.The waveform and peak values of shock wave on the forehead,top and rear of head model are compared and analyzed.The experimental results show that,after wearing the helmet,the shock wave mainly enters through the gap between the helmet and head in diffraction form,and the accumulation and superposition of shock waves in the gap may increase the pressure.In addition,the local high pressure region which is far from the incoming wave is easy to form because of the underwash effect.The annular composite liner composited with polyurea-polyurethane foam-sponge can effectively prevent the diffraction wave from entering the inside of the helmet and reduce the superposition effect of diffraction wave.The attenuation rate of shock wave overpressure at each measuring point can reach more than 40% after wearing the helmet with annular composite liner.The smaller the gap formed during the shock wave action is under the condition of the incident shock wave (weak shock wave),the better the protective effect is.When the width of polyurea-polyurethane foam reaches 15 mm,the outer edge liner and the head model have the best fit degree and the protection effect is optimal.The experimental results show that the overpressure attenuation rates at the measuring points on forehead,top,and rear of head can reach 92.26%,88.82%,and 87.19%,respectively.

Key words: helmet, shock wave protection, outer edge liner, blast wave, shock tube

中图分类号:

O389

贾时雨, 王成, 徐文龙, 马东, 齐方方. 环形复合内衬头盔冲击波防护性能研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(1): 231220-.

JIA Shiyu, WANG Cheng, XU Wenlong, MA Dong, QI Fangfang. Protective Performance of Helmet with Annular Composite Liner[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(1): 231220-.

图/表 14

图1 内衬布置示意图

Fig.1 Layout diagram of helmet with annular composite liner

图2 不同结构外沿内衬示意图和实物图

Fig.2 Schematic and physical diagrams of annular composite liners with different stuctures

表1 不同工况内衬宽度参数

Table 1 Width parameters of different liners

工况	名称	聚脲宽度/ mm	泡沫宽度/ mm	海绵宽度/ mm
1	AL-10	10	10	10
2	AL-15	15	15	5
3	AL-20	20	20
4	AL-0			20
5	No-AL
6	裸头模

图3 激波管实验3发重复结果

Fig.3 Measured pressures at port of shock tube in three repeated experiments

图4 头部模型在激波管实验中布置情况

Fig.4 Photos of head model for the shock tube environment

图5 实爆现场示意图

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of far-field blast environment

图6 外场爆炸实验3发重复结果

Fig.6 Measured average pressures of shock waves in three repeated experiments

图7 头部模型

Fig.7 Photos of head model

图8 激波管载荷下各测点压力-时间曲线

Fig.8 The pressure-time curves at three measuring points in shock tube environment

表2 不同工况各测点超压峰值及超压衰减率

Table 2 Peak value and attenuation rate of overpressure at eachmeasuring point under different conditions

名称	防护性能指标	前额	颅顶	后脑
裸头模	超压/kPa	45.46	20.64	18.56
No-AL	超压/kPa	46.74	9.51	31.59
No-AL	超压衰减率/%	-2.82	53.92	-70.20
AL-10	超压/kPa	6.72	5.12	9.77
AL-10	超压衰减率/%	85.22	75.19	47.36
AL-15	超压/kPa	1.18	4.45	9.07
AL-15	超压衰减率/%	97.40	78.44	51.13
AL-20	超压/kPa	3.68	5.62	10.24
AL-20	超压衰减率/%	91.90	72.77	44.83
AL-0	超压/kPa	12.39	8.68	14.38
AL-0	超压衰减率/%	72.75	57.95	22.52

图9 激波管载荷下不同工况各测点超压峰值对比

Fig.9 Peak overpressure values at each measuring point under different conditions in shock tube environment

图10 爆炸载荷下不同工况各测点压力-时间曲线

Fig.10 The pressure-time curves at three measuring points in real explosion field

表3 不同工况各测点超压峰值及超压衰减率

Table 3 Peak value and attenuation rate of overpressure at eachmeasuring point under different conditions

名称	防护性能指标	前额	颅顶	后脑
裸头模	超压/kPa	184.13	124.01	181.25
No-AL	正压/kPa	97.17	44.78	64.68
	负压/kPa			-97.36
	超压衰减率/%	47.23	63.89	64.31
AL-10	正压/kPa	22.54	26.48	32.08
	负压/kPa			-117.52
	超压衰减率/%	87.76	78.65	82.30
AL-15	正压/kPa	14.26	13.87	23.21
	负压/kPa			-103.77
	超压衰减率/%	92.26	88.82	87.19
AL-20	正压/kPa	19.86	17.32	18.97
	负压/kPa			-136.24
	超压衰减率/%	89.21	86.03	89.53
AL-0	正压/kPa	41.83	37.30	105.05
	负压/kPa		-47.24	-123.38
	超压衰减率/%	77.28	69.92	42.04

图11 爆炸载荷下不同工况各测点超压峰值对比

Fig.11 Peak overpressure values at each measuring point under different conditions in real explosion field

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