枪弹冲击下头-颈动力学响应及颈部被动肌影响

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0457

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对战场环境下弹体、破片的威胁，研究枪弹冲击下头-颈动力学响应及颈部被动肌影响。利用已建立并通过验证的头盔-头-颈有限元模型，开展9 mm手枪弹冲击数值模拟，获得有/无被动肌作用下人体头-颈动力学响应。研究结果表明：正面冲击时，首先头部额骨处产生应力集中，随后颈部后伸，颈部应力主要集中于下颈椎椎体，椎间盘前侧产生拉伸失效；在被动肌作用下，头部质心最大位移减少31.38%，颈椎椎骨与椎间盘连接处应力以及椎间盘最大应力均降低，椎间盘最大应力减少28.76%；颈部被动肌起到重要的保护作用，可缓解头-颈后伸，减轻颈椎的损伤，在颈部损伤评估中应考虑被动肌的影响。该研究结果可为颈部损伤评估和颈部防护装备的设计提供参考。

关键词: 头盔-头-颈有限元模型, 枪弹冲击, 动力学响应, 颈部被动肌

Abstract: To address the threat of projectiles and fragments in a battlefield, head-neck dynamic response to bullet impact and the effects of passive neck muscles are studied. By establishing an effective helmet-head-neck finite element model, the impact of 9 mm handgun bullets is simulated to examine the human head-neck mechanical response with or without passive muscles. The results show that in the case of front impact, stress is concentrated on the frontal head bone and the lower cervical vertebrae when the neck is extended. When the front side of the intervertebral disc fails to stretch, the passive muscles on the neck relieve the extension of the head and neck, reducing the cervical spine injury. Under the effect of passive muscles, the displacement of the head's centroid is reduced by 31.38%, and the stress exerted on the junction between cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disc as well as the maximum intervertebral disc stress are relieved by 28.76%. Thus, passive muscles play an important role in protecting the body, and thus must be considered when assessing neck injuries. The results provide reference for the assessment of neck injuries and the design of neck protective equipment.

Key words: helmet-head-neckfiniteelementmodel, ballisticimpact, dynamicresponse, passiveneckmuscle

中图分类号:

TS941

范鑫, 黄星源, 常利军, 王天昊, 赵永飞, 蔡志华. 枪弹冲击下头-颈动力学响应及颈部被动肌影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(9): 2200-2209.

FAN Xin, HUANG Xingyuan, CHANG Lijun, WANG Tianhao, ZHAO Yongfei, CAI Zhihua. Dynamic Head-Neck Response to Bullet Impact and Effects of Passive Muscles on the Neck[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(9): 2200-2209.

参考文献

［1］ RUSTEMEYER J，KRANZ V，BREMERICH A.Injuries in combat from 1982—2005 with particular reference to those to the head and neck: a review[J].British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery，2007，45(7):556-560.
[2］ BREEZE J，HORSFALL I，HEPPER A，et al.Face，neck，and eye protection: adapting body armour to counter the changing patterns of injuries on the battlefield[J].British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery，2011，49(8):602-606.
[3］ SRAAON J C，DANNAWI M，FAURE A，et al.Dynamic effects of a 9 mm missile on cadaveric skull protected by aramid，polyethylene or aluminum plate: an experimental study[J].Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery，2004，57(2):236-243.
[4］蔡志华，包正，王威，等.枪弹冲击防弹头盔致头部非贯穿性损伤的数值模拟研究[J].兵工学报，2017，38(6):1097-1105.
CAI Z H，BAO Z，WANG W，et al.Simulation of non-penetrating damage of head due to bullet impact to helmet[J].Acta Armamentarii，2017，38(6):1097-1105. (in Chinese)
[5］郑秋杰，郭迎福，蔡志华，等.步枪弹高速冲击下防弹头盔功能梯度泡沫内衬的防护性能[J].兵工学报，2021，42(6):1275-1282.
ZHENG Q J，GUO Y F，CAI Z H，et al.Protective performance of functionally graded foam lining subjected to high-speed rifle bullet impact[J].Acta Armamentarii，2021，42(6):1275-1282.(in Chinese)
[6］周宏，戴诗亮，安国旗.军用头盔“盔-头-颈”动力学模型及冲击响应计算[J].中国个体防护装备，2001(1):11-15.
ZHOU H，DAI S L，AN G Q.Dynamics model of the helment-head-neck system & calculating ananysis of impact respons[J].China Personal Protection Equipment，2001(1):11-15. (in Chinese)
[7］肖飞舟，顾力强.弹头冲击盔-头-颈的数值模拟和运动仿真[J].机械设计与制造，2006(1):8-10.
XIAO F Z，GU L Q.Simulation of the bullet impacting helmet/head/heck[J].Machinery Design & Manufacture，2006(1):8-10. (in Chinese)
[8］王威，毛征宇，李桂兵，等.枪弹冲击下新型防弹头盔质量对颈椎损伤影响[J].医用生物力学，2019，34（4）:339-345.
WANG W，MAO Z Y，LI G B，et al.The effect of novel ballistic helmet weight on cervical spine injury under bullet impacts[J].Journal of Medical Biomechanics，2019，34（4）:339-345. (in Chinese)
[9］沈周宇，温垚珂，闫文敏，等.手枪弹撞击戴防弹头盔人体头颈部靶标的钝击效应[J/OL].兵工学报(2022-05-26).http:∥kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2176.bj.20220526.0939.002.html.
SHEN Z Y，WEN Y K，YAN W M，et al.Study on behind helmet blunt trauma caused by a pistol bullet impacting ballistic helmet covered human head and neck target[J].Acta Armamentarii(2022-05-26).http:∥kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2176.bj.20220526.0939.002html. (in Chinese)
[10］崔普东，安美文，张绪树，等.汽车后碰撞时人体头颈部的动力学响应及损伤分析[J].医用生物力学，2020，35(1):83-89.
CUI P D，AN M W，ZHANG X S，et al.Dynamic response and damage analysis of human head and neck in automobile rear impact[J].Journal of Medical Biomechanics，2020，35(1):83-89. (in Chinese)
[11］ GIERCZYCKA D，RYCMAN A，CRONIN D.Importance of passive muscle，skin，and adipose tissue mechanical properties on head and neck response in rear impacts assessed with a finite element model[J].Traffic Injury Prevention，2021，22(5): 407-412.
[12］李凡，曹迎春，粟思橙，等.后碰撞中乘员颈部肌肉有限元模型的建立与验证[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版)，2016，43(8): 45-51.
LI F，CAO Y C，SU S C，et al.Development and validation of a neck muscle FE model for rear impact study[J].Journal of Hunan University (Nature Sciences)，2016，43(8): 45-51. (in Chinese)
[13］ CAI Z H，LI Z M，DONG J H，et al. A study on protective performance of bullet-proof helmet under impact loading[J].Journal of Vibroengineering，2016，18(4):2495-2507.
[14］ CAI Z H，XIA Y，BAO Z，et al.Creating a human head finite element model using a multi-block approach for predicting skull response and brain pressure[J].Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering，2019，22(2):169-179.
[15］ LI Y Q，LI X G，GAO X L.Modeling of advanced combat helmet under ballistic impact[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics，2015，82(11):111004.
[16］ TAN L B，TSE K M，LEE H P，et al.Performance of an advanced combat helmet with different interior cushioning systems in ballistic impact: experiments and finite element simulations[J].International Journal of Impact Engineering，2012，50: 99-112.
[17］ ZHANG L Y，MAKWANA R，SHARMA S.Brain response to primary blast wave using validated finite element models of human head and advanced combat helmet[J].Frontiers in Neurology，2013，4:88.
[18］ SAHOO D，DECK C，YOGANANDAN N，et al.Influence of head mass on temporo-parietal skull impact using finite element modeling[J].Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing，2015，53(9):869-878.
[19］ ASGHARPOUR Z，BAUMGARTNER D，WILLINGER R，et al.The validation and application of a finite element human head model for frontal skull fracture analysis[J].Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials，2014，33:16-23.
[20］ MAO H J，ZHANG L Y，JIANG B H，et al.Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases[J].Journal of Biomechanical Engineering，2013，135(11):111002-111015.
[21］ HORGAN T J，GILCHRIST M D.The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics[J].International Journal of Crashworthiness，2003，8(4):353-366.
[22］ TAKHOUNTS E G，RIDELLA S A，HASIJA V，et al.Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of simulated injury monitor (SIMon) finite element head model[J].Stapp Car Crash Journal，2008，52:1-31.
[23］ LIU Z S，LUO X Y，LEE H P，et al.Snoring source identification and snoring noise prediction[J].Journal of Biomechanics，2007，40(4):861-870.
[24］ PANZER M.Numerical modelling of the human cervical spine in frontal impact[D].Waterloo，Canada: University of Waterloo，2006.
[25］ IVANCIC P C，XIAO M.Understanding whiplash injury and prevention mechanisms using a human model of the neck[J].Accident Analysis & Prevention，2011，43(4):1392-1399.
[26］ WAGNER D R，LOTZ J C.Theoretical model and experimental results for the nonlinear elastic behavior of human annulus fibrosus[J].Journal of Orthopaedic Research，2004，22(4):901-909.
[27］ HOLZAPFEL G A，SCHULZE-BAUER C A J，FEIGL G，et al.Single lamellar mechanics of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus[J].Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology，2005，3(3): 125-140.
[28］ KENEDI R M.Strength of biological materials[J].Journal of Anatomy，1971，108(Pt 3).
[29］ NUCKLEY D J，CHING R P.Developmental biomechanics of the cervical spine:tension and compression[J]. Journal of Biomechanics，2006，39(16):3045-3054.
[30］ PANZER M B，FICE J B，CRONIN D S.Cervical spine response in frontal crash[J].Medical Engineering & Physics，2011，33(9): 1147-1159.
[31］ NIGHTINGALE R W，MCELHANEY J H，RICHARDSON W J，et al.Dynamic responses of the head and cervical spine to axial impact loading[J].Journal of Biomechanics，1996，29(3):307-318.
[32］ CAMACHO D L，MYERS B S，NIGHTINGALE R W.Surface friction in near-vertex head and neck impact increases risk of injury[J].Journal of Biomechanics，1999，32(3):293-301.
[33］ DAVIDSSON J, DEUTSCHER C, HELL W, et al. Human volunteer kinematics in rear-end sled collisions［J］. Journal of Crash Prevention & Injury Control,1998,2(4):319-333.
[34］王威.高G载荷下飞行员颈部动力学响应与损伤研究[D].湘潭：湖南科技大学，2018.
WANG W.The study of dynamic response and injuries of pilot's neck under high G loading[D].Xiangtan：Hunan University of Science and Technology，2018. (in Chinese)
[35］ PANJABI M M，MYERS B S.Cervical spine protection report[J].Prepared for Nocsae，1995，30.
[36］ CARTER D，HAYES H.The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure[J]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.American Volume，1977，59(7):954-962.
[37］ YOGANANDAN N，PINTAR F A，MAIMAN D J，et al.Human head-neck biomechanics under axial tension[J].Medical Engineering & Physics，1996，18(4):289-294.