包覆式活性EFP成型机理与规律研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.1219

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究包覆式活性爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectiles,EFP)成型机理及药型罩结构对成型行为的影响规律,采用Lagrange和Euler组合算法开展包覆式活性EFP成型过程数值模拟。数值模拟结果首先揭示包覆式活性EFP成型机理,其典型包覆成型过程主要包括轴向双罩碰撞阶段、径向包覆闭合阶段和金属前驱侵彻体拉伸阶段。在轴向双罩碰撞阶段,双罩通过多次碰撞-分离-碰撞过程,实现轴向加速和动能传递;在径向包覆闭合阶段,金属罩向前折叠,其后部实现对活性罩完全包覆,前部形成速度梯度明显的金属前驱侵彻体;随后,金属前驱侵彻体随时间逐渐拉伸,甚至断裂。进一步得到紫铜罩和活性罩形状参数对包覆成型的影响规律,随紫铜罩边缘厚度从2.0mm减小到0.5mm,包覆闭合时间从57.9μs减小到23.9μs,同时头部速度从1851m/s增大到2370m/s,侵彻体长度从76mm增大到110.5mm;随紫铜罩曲率半径从60mm减小到40mm,包覆闭合时间从42.1μs减小到28.1μs,同时头部速度从1789m/s增大到2242m/s,侵彻体长度从66mm增大到100mm;随活性罩厚度由6mm减小至2mm,包覆时间从52.0μs减小至32.1μs,活性罩质量从6.47g降低至2.37g;随活性罩直径由32mm减小至16mm,包覆时间从34.4μs减小至30.8μs,活性罩质量从6.42g降低为1.61g。研究结果可为包覆式活性EFP聚能装药设计提供指导和参考。

关键词: 聚能装药, 药型罩, 成型行为, 活性材料, 包覆式EFP

Abstract:

The formation mechanism of coated reactive explosively formed projectiles (EFP) and the influence laws of liner structure on the formation behavior of EFP are studied. A Lagrange-Euler numerical simulation model of coated EFP is established, which reveals that the formation process of coated reactive EFP mainly includes axial double-liner impacting phase, radial coat closing phase and metal precursor penetrator stretching phase. In the axial double-liner impacting phase, the velocities of two liners rise in turns with axial kinetic energy transfer. In the radial coat closing phase, the copper liner folds forward to the axis and its tail completely coats the reactive liner. It is mentioned that a metal precursor penetrator is formed on the edge of copper liner. After that, the metal precursor penetrator is stretched and even fractured over time. Further, the influences of the shape parameters of copper and reactive liners on the coating formation are studied. With the decrease in the copper liner edge thickness from 2.0mm to 0.5mm, the closing time decreases from 57.9μs to 23.9μs, meanwhile the tip velocity increases from 1 851m/s to 2370m/s, and the penetrator length increase from 76mm to 110.5mm. As the curvature radius of copper liner decreases from 60mm to 40mm, the closing time of coating decreases from 42.1μs to 28.1μs, meanwhile the tip velocity increases from 1789m/s to 2242m/s, and the penetrator length increases from 66mm to 100mm. With the decrease in the reactive liner thickness from 6mm to 2mm, the closing time decreases from 52.0μs to 32.1μs, meanwhile the reactive liner mass decreases from 6.47g to 2.37g. With the decrease in the reactive liner diameter from 32mm to 16mm, the closing time decreases from 34.4μs to 30.8μs, meanwhile the reactive liner mass decreases from 6.42 g to 1.61g. The results can provide guidance and reference for the design of coated reactive EFP shaped charge.

Key words: shaped charge, liner, formation behavior, reactive liner, coated EFP

别海远, 张鸿宇, 马红兵, 邱文豪, 郑元枫. 包覆式活性EFP成型机理与规律研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(1): 231219-.

BIE Haiyuan, ZHANG Hongyu, MA Hongbing, QIU Wenhao, ZHENG Yuanfeng. Formation Mechanism and Principle of Coated Reactive Explosively Formed Projectile[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(1): 231219-.

图/表 22

图1 双层包覆药型罩聚能装药

Fig.1 Shaped charge with double-layer coated liners

表1 8701炸药参数[18]

Table 1 Parameters of 8701 explosive[18]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ_e/g·cm^-3	1.71	R₁	4.2
D_C-J/m· $s - 1$	8315	R₂	1.1
p_C-J/GPa	28.6	ω	0.34
A/GPa	524.23	E₀/GPa	8.499
B/GPa	7.678

表1 8701炸药参数[18]

Table 1 Parameters of 8701 explosive[18]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ_e/g·cm^-3	1.71	R₁	4.2
D_C-J/m· $s - 1$	8315	R₂	1.1
p_C-J/GPa	28.6	ω	0.34
A/GPa	524.23	E₀/GPa	8.499
B/GPa	7.678

表2 铝、紫铜和45号钢参数[18]

Table 2 Parameters of aluminum, copper and 45# steel[18]

材料	ρ/ (g·cm^-3)	a/ GPa	b/ GPa	C	n	m	T_m
紫铜	8.96	0.09	0.292	0.025	0.31	1.09	1356
45号钢	7.85	0.792	0.51	0.014	0.26	1.03	1793
Al	2.79	0.205	0.230	0.121	0.21	1.03	1500

表3 活性材料主要参数[20]

Table 3 Main parameters of reactive material[20]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	2.27	C	0.4
c₀/(m· $s - 1$ )	1450	n	1.8
s	2.2584	m	1
a/MPa	8.044	γ	0.9
b/MPa	250.6

表3 活性材料主要参数[20]

Table 3 Main parameters of reactive material[20]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	2.27	C	0.4
c₀/(m· $s - 1$ )	1450	n	1.8
s	2.2584	m	1
a/MPa	8.044	γ	0.9
b/MPa	250.6

图2 包覆式活性EFP成型计算方法

Fig.2 Calculation method for the formation of coated reactive EFP

表4 空气材料主要参数[21]

Table 4 Main parameters of air[21]

ρ_a/ (g·cm^-3)	γ_a	C_p (kJ·kg^-1· $K - 1$ )	C_v (kJ·kg^-1· $K - 1$ )	T/K	E_a/ (kJ·kg^-1)
1.225	1.4	1.005	0.718	288.2	294

表4 空气材料主要参数[21]

Table 4 Main parameters of air[21]

ρ_a/ (g·cm^-3)	γ_a	C_p (kJ·kg^-1· $K - 1$ )	C_v (kJ·kg^-1· $K - 1$ )	T/K	E_a/ (kJ·kg^-1)
1.225	1.4	1.005	0.718	288.2	294

图3 实验结果[22](上)与数值模拟结果(下)对比

Fig.3 Comparison of experimental[22](upper) and numerically simulated results (below)

图4 向前EFP成型过程

Fig.4 Formation process of forward EFP

图5 变壁厚紫铜罩速度曲线

Fig.5 Velocity curve of copper liner with variable thickness

图6 观测点轴向和径向速度曲线

Fig.6 Axial and radial velocity curves of observation points

图7 包覆式EFP双罩碰撞阶段

Fig.7 Double-liner impacting phase of coated EFP

图8 包覆式EFP径向包覆闭合阶段

Fig.8 Radial closing phase of coated EFP

图9 包覆式EFP金属前驱侵彻体拉伸阶段

Fig.9 Metal precursor penetrator stretching phase of coated EFP

图10 观测点压力和温度-时间曲线

Fig.10 Pressure-and temperature-time curves at the observation points

图11 不同紫铜罩边缘厚度下包覆式EFP头部径向速度曲线

Fig.11 Radial velocity curves of coated EFP tip with different copper liner edge thicknesses

图12 不同紫铜罩边缘厚度包覆式EFP形貌(4倍炸高)

Fig.12 Coated EFP shapes with different copperliner thicknesses (4 times stand-off)

图13 不同曲率半径下包覆式EFP头部径向速度曲线

Fig.13 Radial velocity curves of coated EFP tips with different curvature radii of copper liner

图14 不同曲率半径下包覆式EFP形貌(4倍炸高)

Fig.14 Coated EFP shapes with different copper curvature radii (4 times stand-off)

图15 不同活性罩厚度包覆式EFP头部径向速度曲线

Fig.15 Radial velocity curves of coated EFP tips with different reactive liner thicknesses

图16 不同活性罩厚度包覆式EFP形貌(4倍炸高)

Fig.16 Coated EFP shapes with different reactive liner thicknesses (4 times stand-off)

图17 不同活性罩直径包覆式EFP头部径向速度曲线

Fig.17 Radial velocity curves of coated EFP tips with different reactive liner diameters

图18 不同活性罩直径包覆式活性EFP形貌(4倍炸高)

Fig.18 Coated EFP shapes with different reactive liner diameters (4 times stand-off)

参考文献 23

[1]	MA H B, ZHENG Y F, WANG H F, et al. Formation and impact-induced separation of tandem EFPs[J]. Defence Technology, 2020, 16(3):668-677. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.09.003
[2]	李传增, 王树山, 荣竹. 爆炸成型弹丸对装甲靶板的高速冲击效应研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2011, 30(4):91-94.
	LI C Z, WANG S S, RONG Z. High speed impact effect of EFP on armor targets[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2011, 30(4):91-94. (in Chinese).
[3]	ZHENG Y F, BIE H Y, WANG S P, et al. Formation behaviors of coated reactive explosively formed projectile[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(24):8886.
[4]	NABLE J, MERCADO A, SHERMAN A. Novel energetic composite materials[J]. MRS Online Proceedings Library,2005,896: 0896-H01-03.
[5]	YUAN Y, LIU Z Y, HE S, et al. Shock-induced reaction behaviors of functionally graded reactive material[J]. Defence Technology, 2021, 17(5):1687-1698. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.010
[6]	ZHENG Y F, SU C H, GUO H G, et al. Behind-target rupturing effects of sandwich-like plates by reactive liner shaped charge jet[J]. Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics, 2019, 44(11):1400-1409.
[7]	FONG R. Precursor-follow through explosively formed penetrator assembly:U. S. Patent 6,308,634[P].2001-10-30.
[8]	NICOLICH S. Reactive materials enhanced lethality EFP[C]//Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Armament Systems:Gun and Missile Systems Conference and Exhibition. Charlotte,NC, US:NDIA,2007:23-26.
[9]	STECHER F P, TRUITT R M. Reactive material enhanced projectiles, devices for generating reactive material enhanced projectiles and related methods:U. S. Patent 9,683,821[P].2017-06-20.
[10]	彭军, 袁宝慧, 陈进, 等. 毁伤增强型活性弹丸技术[J]. 飞航导弹, 2017(8):84-88.
	PENG J, YUAN B H, CHEN J, et al. Damage enhanced reactive projectile technology[J]. Aerospace Technology, 2017(8):84-88. (in Chinese)
[11]	CARDOSO D, TEIXEIRA-DIAS F. Modelling the formation of explosively formed projectiles (EFP)[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016,93:116-127.
[12]	王树有, 门建兵, 蒋建伟. 包覆式爆炸成型复合侵彻体成型规律研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2013, 27(1):40-44.
	WANG S Y, MEN J B, JIANG J W. Research on formation process of wrapping explosively formed compound penetrator[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics. 2013, 27(1):40-44. (in Chinese)
[13]	韩阳阳, 尹建平, 王志军, 等. 一种包覆式爆炸成型弹丸数值模拟研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2018, 39(12):63-67.
	HAN Y Y, YIN J P, WANG Z J, et al. Numerical simulation of a wrapped explosively formed penetrator[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering. 2018, 39(12):63-67. (in Chinese)
[14]	XU Q Z, YIN J P, WANG Z J, et al. Effect of a liner material on the formation of the wrapping explosively-formed penetrator[J]. Strength of Materials, 2018,50:54-62.
[15]	MA H B, GUO H G, SU C H, et al. Simulations on the reactive material projectile coated by explosively formed penetrator[J]. Journal of Physics:Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2020, 1507(2):022005.
[16]	张雪朋, 刘亚昆, 伊建亚, 等. 复合装药包覆式活性侵彻体成型及侵彻研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2021, 42(7):1-5.
	ZHANG X P, LIU Y K, YI J Y, et al. Study on formation and penetration of the wrapped reactive projectile formed by double-layer shaped charge[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2021, 42(7):1-5. (in Chinese)
[17]	郑元枫, 王仕鹏, 李培亮, 等. 活性/金属串联爆炸成型弹丸侵爆耦合毁伤行为[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(8):2273-2282. doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0356
	ZHENG Y F, WANG S P, LI P L, et al. Combined damage behavior of penetration and blast of reactive/metal tandem EFPs[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(8):2273-2282. (in Chinese) doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0356
[18]	GUO H G, ZHENG Y F, YU Q B, et al. Penetration behavior of reactive liner shaped charge jet impacting thick steel plates[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2019,126:76-84.
[19]	ZHENG Y F, ZHENG Z J, LU G C, et al. Mesoscale study on explosion-induced formation and thermochemical response of PTFE/Al granular jet[J]. Defence Technology, 2023, 23(5):112-125.
[20]	RAFTENBERG M N, MOCK W, KIRBY G C. Modeling the impact deformation of rods of a pressed PTFE/Al composite mixture[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008, 35(12):1735-1744.
[21]	DING L L, TANG W H, RAN X W. Simulation study on jet formability and damage characteristics of a low-densitymaterial liner[J]. Materials, 2018, 11(1):72.
[22]	门建兵, 蒋建伟, 帅俊锋, 等. 复合反应破片爆炸成型与毁伤实验研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2010, 30(10):1143-1146.
	MEN J B, JIANG J W, SHUAI J F, et al. Experimental research on formation and terminal effect of explosively formed compound reactive fragments[J]. Transaction of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2010, 30(10):1143-1146. (in Chinese)
[23]	郑宇. 双层药型罩毁伤元形成机理研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2008.
	ZHENG Y. Study on the formation mechanism of kill element from shaped charge with double layer liners[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2008. (in Chinese)