深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布特征

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0254

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地应力对岩体爆炸应力与爆炸能量的分布有重要影响。针对深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布,基于叠加原理,计算地应力和爆炸荷载双重作用下岩体爆炸应力分布,结合岩体破坏准则,得到了冲击波作用下深部岩体的破坏特征,分析不同工况下传递入深部岩体引起爆破扩腔、径向裂隙扩张及岩石弹性变形的冲击波能量占比,采用数值模拟方法探究了地应力对岩体爆破冲击波能量分布的影响。研究结果表明:岩体性质、炸药性能及地应力水平均会对深部岩体冲击波能量分布产生显著影响;高地应力环境下,硝铵炸药传递入硬岩(花岗岩)的冲击波总能量占比及有效能量的占比较于软岩(页岩)更小,与低性能炸药相比,采用高性能炸药爆破时传递入花岗岩的冲击波总能量占比及有效能量的占比更大;随地应力增大,用于爆腔膨胀的冲击波能量占比基本不变,用于裂隙扩张的冲击波能量占比近似呈线性减小,用于引起弹性变形的冲击波能量占比近似呈指数增长;高地应力环境下,传递入岩体的冲击波总能量占比虽然较大,但有效能量的占比较小;研究成果可为改善深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布及提升岩体爆破效果提供参考。

关键词: 深部岩体, 爆破, 冲击波能量, 高地应力, 能量分布

Abstract:

In-situ stress has a significant effect on the distributions of the rock mass stress induced by explosion and the explosion energy. To elucidate the distribution characteristics of explosion energy in deep rock mass, the distribution of rock mass stress under the action of in-situ stress and explosion load is calculated using the superposition principle. Subsequently, the failure characteristics of deep rock mass under shock waves are determined using the rock mass failure criterion. The proportions of shock wave energy that causes blasting cavity expansion, radial crack propagation, and rock mass elastic deformation under different conditions are analyzed. Furthermore, a numerical simulation method is employed to investigate the impact of in-situ stress on the distribution of shock wave energy in the rock mass. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of rock mass, the performance of explosive, and the levels of in-situ stress significantly affect the energy distribution. The proportion of total energy of shock waves transmitted into hard rock (granite) and the proportion of effective energy are smaller than those in soft rock (shale) under high in-situ stress environment. Compared with low-performance explosives, when using high-performance explosives for blasting, the proportion of total energy of shock waves transmitted into granite and the proportion of effective energy are greater. With the increase of in-situ stress, the proportion of shock wave energy for the blasting cavity expansion is basically unchanged, the proportion of shock wave energy for radial crack propagation decreases linearly, and the proportion of shock wave energy for rock mass elastic deformation increases exponentially. The effective energy is relatively small although the proportion of the total energy of shock waves is larger under the higher in-situ stress. The findings can provide a reference for improving the energy distribution of shock wave in deep rock mass blasting and enhancing the blasting effect of rock mass.

Key words: deep rock mass, blasting, shock wave energy, high in-situ stress, energy distribution

中图分类号:

O389

杨建华, 彭超, 叶志伟, 冷振东, 魏彬. 深部岩体爆破冲击波能量分布特征[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(6): 1735-1746.

YANG Jianhua, PENG Chao, YE Zhiwei, LENG Zhendong, WEI Bin. Energy Distribution of Shock Wave in Deep Rock Mass Blasting[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(6): 1735-1746.

图/表 17

图1 爆炸荷载与地应力联合作用模型示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of combined action model of explosion load and in-situ stress

表1 冲击波破坏范围计算工况

Table 1 Calculation of shock wave failure range

工况编号	岩体类型	炸药类型	地应力水平
工况编号	岩体类型	炸药类型	σ_v/MPa	σ_h/MPa
EI-1	页岩、石灰岩、花岗岩	硝铵炸药	50	50
EI-2	花岗岩	乳化炸药、硝铵炸药、铵油炸药	50	50
EI-3	花岗岩	硝铵炸药	0、10、20、30、40、50、60	0、10、20、30、40、50、60

表2 岩体力学参数

Table 2 Mechanical parameters of rock mass

岩体类型	ρ_m/ (kg·m^-3)	C_p/ (m·s^-1)	σ_c/ MPa	σ_t/ MPa	E_m/ GPa	μ₀
页岩	2000	1950	50	5.6	18.0	0.28
石灰岩	2600	3430	110	10.0	32.5	0.24
花岗岩	2670	5500	180	15.0	70.0	0.22

表3 理论计算中炸药参数

Table 3 Explosive parameters in theoretical calculation

炸药类型	ρ₀/(kg·m^-3)	D/(m·s^-1)	Q/(MJ·kg^-1)
乳化炸药	1300	4000	4.19
硝铵炸药	1000	3600	3.76
铵油炸药	1100	2700	2.80

图2 不同工况下冲击波破坏分区范围

Fig.2 Damage zone range induced by shock waves under different conditions

图3 不同岩体工况下冲击波能量分布(硝铵炸药、σv=σh=50MPa)

Fig.3 Energy distribution of shock wave under different rock conditions (AN-TNT, σv=σh=50MPa)

图4 不同炸药工况下冲击波能量分布(花岗岩、σv=σh=50MPa)

Fig.4 Energy distribution of shock wave under different explosive conditions (granite,σv=σh=50MPa)

图5 不同地应力工况下冲击波能量分布

Fig.5 Energy distribution of shock waves under different in-situ stresses

图6 模型示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of model

表4 岩石的RHT模型参数

Table 4 RHT model parameters of rock

参数	数值
密度ρ_r/(kg·m^-3)	2660
剪切模量G/GPa	21.9
剪压强度比 $f s *$	0.18
拉压强度比 $f t *$	0.04
EOS多项式参数T₁/GPa	35.27
EOS多项式参数T₂/GPa	0
初始损伤参数D₁	0.04
损伤参数D₂	1.0
雨贡纽系数A₁/GPa	35.24
雨贡纽系数A₂/GPa	39.58
雨贡纽系数A₃/GPa	9.04
失效面参数A_f	1.60
失效面指数n	0.61
残余应力强度参数A_f	1.60
残余应力强度指数n_f	0.61
EOS多项式参数B₀	1.22
EOS多项式参数B₁	1.22
参考压缩应变率EOC	3×10^-5
参考拉伸应变率EOT	3×10^-5
失效压缩应变率EC	3×10²⁵
失效拉伸应变率ET	3×10²⁵
拉压子午比参数Q₀	0.68
罗德角相关系数B_l	0.01
压缩屈服面参数GC*	0.53
拉伸屈服面参数GT*	0.7
孔隙压缩时压力P_el/MPa	125
孔隙压实时压力P_comp/GPa	6
剪切模量缩减系数ξ	0.5
侵蚀塑性应变EPSF	2.0
最小失效应变 $ε p m$	0.01
孔隙度指数N	3.0
初始孔隙度a₀	1.0
压力对拉伸下塑性流动的影响PTF	0.001
拉伸应变率指数β_t	0.036
单轴抗压强度f_c/MPa	167.8
压缩应变率指数β_c	0.032
格林艾森常数GAMMA	0

表4 岩石的RHT模型参数

Table 4 RHT model parameters of rock

参数	数值
密度ρ_r/(kg·m^-3)	2660
剪切模量G/GPa	21.9
剪压强度比 $f s *$	0.18
拉压强度比 $f t *$	0.04
EOS多项式参数T₁/GPa	35.27
EOS多项式参数T₂/GPa	0
初始损伤参数D₁	0.04
损伤参数D₂	1.0
雨贡纽系数A₁/GPa	35.24
雨贡纽系数A₂/GPa	39.58
雨贡纽系数A₃/GPa	9.04
失效面参数A_f	1.60
失效面指数n	0.61
残余应力强度参数A_f	1.60
残余应力强度指数n_f	0.61
EOS多项式参数B₀	1.22
EOS多项式参数B₁	1.22
参考压缩应变率EOC	3×10^-5
参考拉伸应变率EOT	3×10^-5
失效压缩应变率EC	3×10²⁵
失效拉伸应变率ET	3×10²⁵
拉压子午比参数Q₀	0.68
罗德角相关系数B_l	0.01
压缩屈服面参数GC*	0.53
拉伸屈服面参数GT*	0.7
孔隙压缩时压力P_el/MPa	125
孔隙压实时压力P_comp/GPa	6
剪切模量缩减系数ξ	0.5
侵蚀塑性应变EPSF	2.0
最小失效应变 $ε p m$	0.01
孔隙度指数N	3.0
初始孔隙度a₀	1.0
压力对拉伸下塑性流动的影响PTF	0.001
拉伸应变率指数β_t	0.036
单轴抗压强度f_c/MPa	167.8
压缩应变率指数β_c	0.032
格林艾森常数GAMMA	0

表5 数值模拟中炸药参数

Table 5 Explosive parameters for numerical calculation

ρ₀/ (kg·m^-3)	D/ (m·s^-1)	A/ GPa	B/ GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	p_cj/ GPa	E₀/ GPa
1320	6690	586	21.6	5.81	1.77	0.282	16	7.38

图7 数值模拟与室内试验裂纹分布结果对比

Fig.7 Comparison of simulated and laboratory test crack distributions

图8 炮孔周围岩体破坏特征

Fig.8 Failure characteristics of rock mass around the hole

图9 面积计算流程图

Fig.9 Flowchart of area calculation

图10 不同地应力工况下岩体损伤特征

Fig.10 Damage characteristics of rock mass under different in-situ stresses

图11 P点的应力时程曲线

Fig.11 Stress-time curve of Point P

图12 数值模拟中不同地应力工况下弹性振动能量占比

Fig.12 Proportion of elastic vibration energy under differentin-situ stresses in numerical simulation

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