高熵合金活性破片的毁伤效应与碎片云特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2025.0482

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

含能高熵合金在作为活性破片材料以提升武器弹药的穿燃毁伤效应中具有潜力,而其毁伤效应和机理亟待研究。为了研究含能高熵合金的毁伤效果和爆燃过程中的碎片云特性,利用二级轻气炮装置开展了不同速度下TiZrHfTa_0.5高熵合金对间隔铝靶的毁伤实验,通过高速摄像拍摄穿孔爆燃行为,对靶后碎片云的形成过程进行了理论分析和光滑粒子流体动力学数值模拟分析。研究结果表明, 含能高熵合金在超过临界速度后发生剧烈释能爆燃,随着侵彻速度的增加,迎弹靶扩孔直径增大,后效靶贯穿面积与毁伤面积增大。这是由于碎片云的碎片数量随着速度增加而急剧增多,速度梯度增大,极大促进含能特性的释放,毁伤效果增强。理论分析结合实验结果给出了修正的穿孔直径经验公式。分析碎片尺寸得出,碎片的细化更有利于化学能和动能的综合作用,毁伤效果更佳。

关键词: 高熵合金, 活性破片, 间隔靶毁伤, 光滑粒子流体动力学模拟

Abstract:

Energetic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) hold significant promise as active fragmentation materials for enhancing the penetration, ignition, and damage efficacy of weaponry and ammunition systems. Nevertheless, a pressing need exists for in-depth investigations into their damage mechanisms and corresponding effects. To investigate the damage effects of EHEAs and the characteristics of the fragment cloud during the deflagration process, a two-stage light gas gun is employed to conduct damage experiments on spaced aluminum targets, utilizing the TiZrHfTa_0.5 high-entropy alloy at varying impact velocities. High-speed photography is utilized to document the perforation deflagration behavior, and theoretical analyses are performed to elucidate the formation process of the debris cloud behind the target. Additionally, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical simulations are carried out to supplement the experimental findings. The experimental results demonstrate that EHEAs exhibit intense exothermic detonation behavior upon exceeding a critical impact velocity. As the penetration velocity increases, a positive correlation is observed between the impact velocity and the diameter of the entry hole on the target, leading to an augmented penetrative and damage area on the rear target. This phenomenon can be attributed to the exponential growth in the number of fragments within the debris cloud with increasing velocity, and the velocity gradient significantly promotes the release of energetic characteristics, thereby magnifying the overall damage effects. Based on a comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental data, a modified empirical formula for predicting the perforation diameter is proposed. Fragment size analysis further reveals that the refinement of fragments facilitates the synergistic interaction between chemical and kinetic energy, ultimately enhancing the damage performance of EHEAs.

Key words: high entropy alloy, active fragments, damage to spaced targets, SPH simulation

王圣芳, 常慧, 焦志明, 尹云飞, 张团卫, 李志强, 王志华. 高熵合金活性破片的毁伤效应与碎片云特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(10): 250482-.

WANG Shengfang, CHANG Hui, JIAO Zhiming, YIN Yunfei, ZHANG Tuanwei, LI Zhiqiang, WANG Zhihua. Study on the Damage Effect and Debris Cloud Characteristics of Reactive Fragments of High-entropy Alloys[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(10): 250482-.

图/表 17

图1 铸锭、子弹及弹托外观图

Fig.1 Exterior view of ingots, bullets and stocks

图2 二级轻气炮实验示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the two-stage light gas gun experiment

表1 二级轻气炮实验参数

Table 1 Experimental parameters of Two-stage Light Gas Gun

弹丸质量/g	气室气体	气室气压/ MPa	泵管气体	泵管气压/ MPa	活塞材质	速度/ (m·s^-1)
1.57	N₂	2.02	N₂	0.87	铝合金+PC	584
1.53	N₂	10.93	N₂	0.17	PC	1470
1.47	N₂	17.03	N₂	0.15	PC	2500

图3 不同速度下靶板的毁伤示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of damage to the target plate at different speeds

表2 后效靶中心贯穿面积

Table 2 Post-effect target perforation area

速度/(m·s^-1)	584	1470	2500
面积/mm²	170	308	986

图4 不同速度下靶后碎片云的典型高速摄影图像

Fig.4 Typical high-speed photographic images of the cloud of debris after impact at different speeds

图5 含能破片间隔靶终点毁伤效应示意图

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the damage of the energetic fragment spaced target

表2 高熵合金元素物理参数

Table 2 Physical parameters of high entropy alloy elements

金属种类	C₀/ (km·s^-1)	ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	S	γ₀
Ti	4.5	4.506	1.5	1.2
Zr	3.9	6.511	1.6	1.5
Hf	3.5	13.31	1.8	1.3
Ta	3.3	16.65	2.0	1.6
TiZrHfTa_0.5	4.413	9.339	1.189	1.137

图6 2A12铝合金靶板及TiZrHfTa0.5高熵合金弹丸建模

Fig.6 Modeling of 2A12 aluminum alloy target plate and TiZrHfTa0.5 high entropy alloy projectile

表3 TiZrHfTa0.5高熵合金本构参数

Table 3 Constitutive parameters of TiZrHfTa0.5 refractory high entropy alloy

参数	数值	参数	数值
E/GPa	63.5	n	1.18
G/GPa	23.87	m	0.55
ρ/(kg·m^-3)	9.339	${\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }}_{0}$	10^-3
A/MPa	775	T_m/K	1893
B/MPa	1124	ε_c	0.26
C	0.68

图7 584m/s下碎片云模拟结果图与实验结果图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram and experimental photos of debris cloud simulation at 584m/s

图8 1470m/s冲击下碎片云形貌

Fig.8 Debris cloud morphology under 1470m/s impact

表4 各侵彻速度下碎片云中碎片数量

Table 4 Number of fragments in the debris cloud at various penetration velocities

碎片体积/ mm³	速度/(m·s^-1)
碎片体积/ mm³	584	1470	2500
>1	7	210	822
0.1~1	22	231	416
0.01~0.1	14	68	176
<0.01	6	34	62
总计	49	543	1476

图9 不同速度下迎弹靶穿孔直径

Fig.9 Piercing diameter of the target at different speeds

图10 2500m/s冲击下碎片云形貌

Fig.10 Debris cloud morphology under 2500m/s impact

表5 碎片最大飞散角统计

Table 5 Statistics of maximum scattering Angle of fragments

速度/ (m·s^-1)	靶板碎片/ (°)	弹丸碎片/ (°)	d_b,c/ mm	d_b/ mm
584	24.79	15.35	-	-
1470	41.23	17.39	93.38	109.3
2500	50.02	31.03	180.43	>170

图11 不同种类尺寸碎片占比柱状图

Fig.11 Proportion of fragments of different sizes

参考文献 31

[1]	AMES R. Energy release characteristics of impact initiated energetic material[J]. MRS Online Proceeding Library Archive, 2005, 896(3): 321-333.
[2]	谢剑文, 李沛豫, 王海福, 等. 活性破片撞击油箱毁伤行为与机理[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(7):1565-1577.
	XIE J W, LI P Y, WANG H F, et al. Damage behaviors and mechanisms of reactive fragments impacting fuel tanks[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(7):1565-1577. (in Chinese)
[3]	周晟, 郭萌萌, 张甲浩, 等. 活性破片作用后效靶板耦合能量分布特征[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(S1):81-88.
	ZHOU S, GUO M M, ZHANG J H, et al. Coupling energy distribution characteristics of reactive fragments penetrating rear target plate[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(S1):81-88. (in Chinese)
[4]	SONG Y, TANG E, WANG R, et al. Mechanical behavior and reaction energy release mechanism of Al/PTFE-based energetic materials under impact load[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2025, 345:131209-131209.
[5]	QU Y Z, ZHANG M H, LI G, et al. Interfacial charge mismatch enhanced energetic crystals for efficient energy-release and improved safety[J]. Science China Materials, 2022, 66(4):1632-1640.
[6]	SONG Y, TANG E, HAN Y, et al. Response characteristics of Al/PTFE reactive material with aluminum honeycomb framework under impact loading[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, 369:349-359.
[7]	刘晓俊, 任会兰, 宁建国. Zr-W多功能含能结构材料的制备及动态压缩特性[J]. 复合材料学报, 2016, 33(10):2297-2303.
	LIU X J, RREN H L, NING J G. Preparation and dynamic compression properties of Zr-W multifunctional energetic structural materials[J]. Journal of Composite Materials, 2016, 33(10): 2297-2303. (in Chinese)
[8]	LUO Y M, HUANG J K, YU X Q, et al. The effect of crystalline structure on the mechanical behavior in Zr-based amorphous materials: A molecular dynamics simulation[J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2023, 622: 22667.
[9]	FENG Z Y, GENG H S, ZHUANG Y Z, et al. Progress, Applications, and Challenges of Amorphous Alloys: A Critical Review[J]. Inorganics, 2024, 12(9):232.
[10]	YEH J W, CHEN S K, Lin S J, et al. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2004, 6(5):299-303.
[11]	WANG R, Tang Y, Li S, et al. Effect of lattice distortion on the diffusion behavior of high-entropy alloys[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 825:154099.
[12]	ZHANG Z R, ZHANG H, TANG Y, et al. Microstructure, mechanical properties and energetic characteristics of a novel high-entropy alloy HfZrTiTa_0.53[J]. Materials & Design, 2017, 133:435-443.
[13]	JI W, ZOU Q, YIN X, et al. Dynamic mechanical behavior and energy release effect of a novel Nb₁₇Zr₃₃Ti₁₇W₃₃ high-entropy alloy under impact load[J]. Metals, 2023, 13(12):2013.
[14]	MA Y S, ZHOU L, ZHANG K C, et al. Effects of cerium doping on the mechanical properties and energy-releasing behavior of high-entropy alloys[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(20):7332.
[15]	陈海华, 张先锋, 熊玮, 等. WFeNiMo高熵合金动态力学行为及侵彻性能研究[J]. 力学学报, 2020, 52(5):1443-1453.
	CHEN H H, ZHANG X F, XIONG W, et al. Dynamic mechanical behavior and penetration performance of wfenimo high-entropy alloy[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2020, 52(5):1443-1453. (in Chinese)
[16]	GUO Y S, LIU R, RAN C, et al. Ignition and energy release characteristics of energetic high-entropy alloy HfZrTiTa_0.2Al_0.8 under dynamic loading[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 28:2819-2830.
[17]	MENG J Y, SHEN B H, WANG J, et al. Energy-release behavior of TiZrNbV high-entropy alloy[J]. Intermetallics, 2023, 162:108036.
[18]	TANG W Q, ZHANG K, CHEN T Y, et al. Microstructural evolution and energetic characteristics of TiZrHfTa_0.7W_0.3 high-entropy alloy under high strain rates and its application in high-velocity penetration[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2023, 132:144-153.
[19]	苏发章, 冀功祥, 景彤, 等. EFP模拟弹靶后碎片云特性数值模拟研究[J]. 弹箭与制导学报, 2024, 44(4):33-45, 71.
	SU F Z, JI G X, JING T, et al. Numerical simulation of debris cloud characteristics behind EFP projectile target[J]. Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, 2024, 44(4):33-45, 71. (in Chinese)
[20]	HAKIM A, MESPOULET J, PAUL D. On the effect of projectile material on damage induced to aluminum target under hypervelocity impact[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2025, 202:105326.
[21]	张周然. HfZrTiTa_x高熵合金含能结构材料的组织结构与力学性能研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科技大学, 2017.
	ZHANG Z R. Microstructure and mechanical properties of HfZrTiTa_x high-entropy alloys energetic structural materials[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2017. (in Chinese)
[22]	DAVID R S. Hypervelocity impact in thin sheets, semi-infinite targets at 15km/s[C]// Proceedings of AIAA Hypervelocity Impact Conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA: AIAA, 1969: 378.
[23]	NYSMITH C R, DENARDO B P. Experimental investigations of momentum transfer associated with impact into thin aluminum targets[R]. California, US: Ames Research Center, 1969: D-5492.
[24]	周晟, 张甲浩, 余庆波. 金属基活性破片侵彻间隔铝靶作用行为[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(8):2263-2272.
	ZHOU S, ZHANG J H, YU Q B, et al. Behaviors of metal-based reactive fragments penetrating spaced aluminum targets[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(8):2263-2272. (in Chinese)
[25]	BAI Y L, JOHNSON W. Plugging: physical understanding and energy absorption[J]. Metals Technology, 1982, 9(1):182-190.
[26]	LANGSETH M, LARSEN P K. The behaviour of square steel plates subjected to a circular blunt ended Load[J]. IntJ ImpactEng, 1992, 12(4):617-638.
[27]	刘沫言. 带壳装药的破片撞击和冲击波感度研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳理工大学, 2020.
	LIU M Y. Study on fragment impact and shock wave sensitivity of shell charge[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2020. (in Chinese)
[28]	JOHNSON G R, COOK W H. A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures[C]// Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics. Hague, the Netherlands: IBC, 1983: 541-547.
[29]	邸德宁, 陈小伟. 碎片云SPH方法数值模拟中的材料失效模型[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2018, 38(5): 948-956.
	DI D N, CHEN X W. Material failure model in numerical simulation of SPH method for fragment cloud[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2018, 38(5):948-956. (in Chinese)
[30]	HUANG Y H, GAO J H, WANG S Z, et al. Influence of tantalum composition on mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of TiZrHfTax high entropy alloys[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 903: 163796.
[31]	REN K R, MA R, WANG Z, et al. Grain size dependence of TiZrNbV spallation and impact-energy-release behavior[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2025, 293:110164.