爆炸毁伤元素对人员杀伤等级评估研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0857

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人员是战争中的关键因素。为评估爆炸毁伤元素对人员的杀伤效能,借助数值模拟、实验及理论计算工具,结合人员杀伤判据开展冲击波、热效应及弹片3种毁伤元对人员的杀伤效能评估。划分冲击波超压对人员的杀伤区域,建立比例爆距与人员杀伤等级间的关系,得出最小的人员杀伤安全比例爆距Z为8.155m/kg^1/3;计算爆炸热效应空间分布,提出自由场非云爆或温压弹不适于单独评估热效应对人员的杀伤效应;数值模拟计算破片生成过程,得出破片质量、数量及速度等并与理论计算结果对照,评估弹片比动能对人员的杀伤效应。所得结论可为战斗部设计及战场人员防护提供参考。

关键词: 爆炸毁伤元, 冲击波, 热效应, 破片, 人员杀伤等级

Abstract:

Personnel are a critical factor in warfare.The damage effects of three types of damage elements,namely,shock wave,thermal effect and fragments,against personnel,are assessed based on the anti-personnel criterion through numerical simulation,experiment and theoretical computation tools.A damage zone of shockwave overpressure against personnel is delineated,and the relationship between scaled blast distance and personnel damage level is established,resulting in the minimum scaled blast distance of damage to personnel being 8.155m/kg^1/3.The spatial distribution of explosion thermal effect is calculated,and the free-field non-fuel air explosive or thermobaric bombs are not suitable for separate assessment of thermal effect on the personnel killing effect is put forward.The generation process of fragments is numerically simulated to obtain the quality,quantity and velocity of fragments.The simulated results are compared with the theoretically calculated results to assess the damage effect of the specific kinetic energy of fragments to personnel.The conclusions can provide reference for the design of warhead and the protection of battlefield personnel.

Key words: explosion damage element, shock wave, thermal effect, fragment, personnel damage level

李引, 邓国强. 爆炸毁伤元素对人员杀伤等级评估研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(S2): 186-192.

LI Yin, DENG Guoqiang. Study on the Assessment of Damage level of Explosion Damage Elements against Personnel[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(S2): 186-192.

图/表 15

图1 数值模拟分步计算模型

Fig.1 Two-step numerical model

表1 TNT炸药JWL模型参数

Table 1 Parameters of JWL equation for TNT

ρ/(kg·m^-3)	E₀/(kJ·kg^-1)	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω
1 590	4 530	372	3.15	4.2	0.1	0.3

表2 战斗部BLU-113参数

Table 2 Parameters of BLU-113 warhead

弹长/m	弹径/m	BLU-113战斗部
弹长/m	弹径/m	装药长/m	装药直径/m	装药量/kg	装药长径比
5.84	0.356	3.886	0.254	294	15

图2 BLU-113战斗部计算模型

Fig.2 Numerical model of BLU-113 warhead

图3 TNT冲击波超压数据数值模拟结果和实验结果对比

Fig.3 Comparison of simulated and experimental shock wave overpressures for TNT

图4 有TNT爆炸的冲击波流场(左为压力,右为温度)模拟结果

Fig.4 Simulated results of shock wave flow field for TNT( left:pressure,right:temperature)

图5 不同比例爆距Z处TNT的冲击波超压峰值与正压冲量

Fig.5 Peak overpressures and positive pressure impulses of TNT at different scaled blast distances Z

表3 国家军用标准GJB 5212—2004超压对人员杀伤判据

Table 3 Damage criterion of overpressure to personnel in GJB 5212—2004

轻微	中等	严重	极严重	来源
0.03~0.04	0.04~0.06	0.06~0.1	>0.1	国军标
0.02~0.039		0.039~0.098	>0.235	前苏联
0.0157	0.0235	0.0539	>0.186	美国
0.01~0.02	0.02~0.039	0.039~0.059	>0.059	动物实验

图6 不同比例爆距Z处冲击波超压对人员的杀伤区域划分

Fig.6 Delineation of anti-personnel zones for shock wave overpressure at different scaled blast distances Z

图7 TNT爆炸的温度模拟结果

Fig.7 Simulated results of temperature for TNT explosions

图8 不同比例爆距Z处TNT的爆炸温度

Fig.8 Temperature of TNT at different scaled blast distances Z

表4 热效应对人员的杀伤判据

Table 4 Damage criterion of thermal effect to personnel

程度	轻微	中等	严重	极严重
热通量/(kW·m^-2)	<6.4	6.4~16.0	16.0~37.5	>37.5

图9 破片形成过程

Fig.9 Formation process of fragments

表5 破片比动能对人员的杀伤判据

Table 5 Damage criterion of specific kinetic energy of fragments to personnel

判据来源	中国	瑞士	德国	中国香港	中国台湾
临界比动能/ (J·cm^-2)	16	10	36	7	20

图10 弹片空间分布区域三维划分

Fig.10 Three-dimensional delineation of spatial distribution region of fragments

参考文献 30

[1]	王树山. 终点效应学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2019.
	WANG S S. Terminal effects[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019. (in Chinese)
[2]	美国陆军装备部. 终点弹道学原理[M].王维和,李惠昌,译. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 1988.
	U.S.Army Equipment Department. Principles of terminal ballistics[M].WANG W H,LI H C,translated. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 1988. (in Chinese)
[3]	中国军网. [八一观点]要打赢信息化战争,人是决定因素[EB/OL].(2017-01-09)[2024-07-17]. http://www.81.cn/jwgd/2017-01/09/content_7442132.htm.
	China Military Web. [Bayi Viewpoint] To win the informationized war,people are the decisive factor[EB/OL].(2017-01-09)[2024-07-17]. http://www.81.cn/jwgd/2017-01/09/content_7442132.htm. (in Chinese)
[4]	樊壮卿, 张双博, 卢芳云, 等. 人员易损性分析研究进展及应用综述[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(9):2888-2905. doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0094
	FAN Z Q, ZHANG S B, LU F Y, et al. A review of research advances in personnel vulnerability analysis and applications[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9):2888-2905. (in Chinese) doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0094
[5]	CLEMEDSON C J. Blast injury[J]. Physiological Reviews, 1956, 36(3):336-354. pmid: 13359127
[6]	DE CANDOLE C A. Blast injury[J]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1967, 96(4):207-214. pmid: 6015742
[7]	AVIDAN V, HERSCH M, ARMON Y, et al. Blast lung injury:clinical manifestations,treatment,and outcome[J]. The American Journal of Surgery, 2005, 190(6):927-931.
[8]	BASS C R, PANZER M B, RAFAELS K A, et al. Brain injuries from blast[J]. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2012, 40(1):185-202. doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0424-0 pmid: 22012085
[9]	TSE K M, LIM S P, TAN V, et al. A review of head injury and finite element head models[J]. American Journal of Engineering,Technology and Society, 2014, 1(5):28-52.
[10]	BOWEN I G, FLETCHER E R, RICHMOND D R. Estimate of man’s tolerance to the direct effects of air blast[R]. NM,US:Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1968.
[11]	BASS C R, RAFAELS K A, SALZAR R S. Pulmonary injury risk assessment for short duration blasts[J]. Journal of Trauma:Injury,Infection & Critical Care, 2008, 65(3):604-615.
[12]	STUHMILLER J H. Biological response to blast overpressure:a summary of modeling[J]. Toxicology, 1997, 121(1):91-103.
[13]	AXELSSON H, YELVERTON J T. Chest wall velocity as a predictor of nonauditory blast injury in a complex wave environment[J]. The Journal of Trauma, 1996, 40(3 S):31-37.
[14]	RICHMOND D R, YELVERTON J T, FLETCHER E R. New air-blast criteria for man[R]. NM,US:Los Alamos National Lab NM Life Sciences Div, 1986.
[15]	SWAN K G. War surgery:working with limited resources in armed conflict and other situations of violence,Volume 1[M]. Geneva,Switzerland: International Committee of the Red Cross, 2009.
[16]	LI Y, DENG G Q. Numerical simulation on the bomb case effects of non-ideal aluminized explosive[J]. Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics, 2024, 49(5):e202300290.
[17]	ZENG L, WANG W L, ZHU J F. The numerical simulation on co-damage effectiveness of penetration and explosion made by BLU-113[C]// Proceedings of 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation.Washington,D.C.,US:IEEE, 2010, 2:76-80.
[18]	郑云木, 田强. GBU-28战斗部BLU-113近区爆炸效应研究[C]// 第五届全国工程结构安全防护学术会议论文集. 南京: 中国力学学会, 2005:193-197.
	ZHENG Y M, TIAN Q. Research on the near-field explosive effects of GBU-28 warhead BLU-113[C]// Proceedings of the Fifth National Academic Conference on Safety Protection of Engineering Structures. Nanjing: The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2005:193-197. (in Chinese)
[19]	MAAS A I, STOCCHETTI N, BULLOCK R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2008, 7(8):728-741. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70164-9 pmid: 18635021
[20]	WANG Y, SSWYER T W, TSE Y C, et al. Primary blast-induced changes in Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation in rat hippocampus[J]. Frontiers in Neurology, 2017, 8:413.
[21]	CAMPOS-PIRES R, YONIS A, MACDONALD W, et al. A novel in vitro model of blast traumatic brain injury[J]. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2018, 142:e58400.
[22]	GJB 5212—2004.云爆弹定型试验规程[S]. 北京: 总装备部军标出版发行部, 2004.
	GJB 5212—2004 Specification for cloud explosion bomb sizing test[S]. Beijing: Military Standard Publishing and Distribution Department,General Equipment Department, 2004. (in Chinese)
[23]	李铮. 空气冲击波作用下人的安全距离[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 1990, 10(2):135-144.
	LI Z. Safe distance of people under the action of air shock wave[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 1990, 10(2):135-144. (in Chinese)
[24]	曹凤霞. 爆炸综合毁伤效应研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2008.
	CAO F X. Research on comprehensive explosive damage effects[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2008. (in Chinese)
[25]	MOTT N F, LINFOOT E H. A theory of fragmentation[M]//Fragmentation of Rings and Shells.Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Berlin,Heidelberg,Germany: Springer, 2006.
[26]	GRADY D E, OLSEN M L. A statistics and energy based theory of dynamic fragmentation[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2003, 29(10):293-306.
[27]	卢芳云. 武器战斗部投射与毁伤[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013.
	LU F Y. Weapon warhead projection and damage[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2013. (in Chinese)
[28]	MOTT N F. A theory of the fragmentation of shells and bombs[M]//Fragmentation of Rings and Shells.Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Berlin,Heidelberg,Germany: Springer, 2006.
[29]	MOTT N. Shells:a theoretical formula for the distribution of weights of fragments[M]//Fragmentation of Rings and Shells.Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Berlin,Heidelberg,Germany: Springer, 2006.
[30]	DRIELS M R. Weaponeering,conventional weapon system effectiveness[M]. Reston,VA,US: AI AA, 2013.