变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶弹道特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶时结构特征对弹道特性的影响规律,开展椭圆等截面、椭圆变截面弹体在1020m/s初速、5°着角条件下斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶实验,结合数值模拟对比圆等截面、椭圆等截面、圆变截面和椭圆变截面弹体在斜侵彻钢靶过程中的弹道轨迹、速度、偏转角、纵向位移和纵向加速度的变化情况,揭示变截面弹体结构特征影响弹道稳定性的物理机制。研究结果表明:当弹体初始撞击速度较大、弹肩处横截面面积一致及变截面角度在0°~2.5°范围内时,不同横截面形状和变截面角度弹体在斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶过程中的速度变化差异很小;对于变截面弹体,可以通过改变变截面结构特征找到一个使得弹体贯穿首层靶板后纵向位移基本为零的临界变截面角度;不同横截面形状的变截面弹体受变截面角度对贯穿钢靶后纵向运动、姿态偏转的敏感程度不同,横截面形状的长短轴之比越大,变截面角度对偏转角速度的影响越大;变截面角度会影响弹体穿靶过程中的受力方向,可能导致弹体受力出现反转现象。相关研究对变截面弹体结构特征参数的优化、变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶弹道特性预测具有较好的指导价值。

关键词: 变截面弹体, 结构特征, 弹道特性, 斜侵彻, 间隔钢靶

Abstract:

The influence of the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile on the ballistic characteristics during obliquely penetrating the two-layer spaced steel targets is studied.The elliptical and variable cross-section projectiles obliquely penetrate a two-layer spaced steel target at an initial velocity of 1020m/s and an impact angle of 5° in the experiments.The trajectories,velocities,deflection angles,longitudinal displacements and longitudinal accelerations of circular and elliptical equal cross-section projectiles,and circular-and elliptical-variable cross-section projectiles during obliquely penetrating the steel target are compared by numerical simulations,and the physical mechanism of which the structural characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectile affect the stability of its trajectory is revealed.The results indicate that,when the initial impact velocity of projectile is high,the cross-sectional area at the shoulder of projectile remains consistent,and the variable cross-sectional angle is within the range of 0° to 2.5°,the velocity variations of projectiles with different cross-sectional shapes and variable cross-sectional angles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets are very small.For the variable cross-section projectile,a critical variable cross-section angle can be found by changing the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile,which makes the longitudinal displacement of the projectile penetrating the first-layer target plate basically zero.Different cross-sectional shapes of variable cross-sectional projectiles have different sensitivities to longitudinal motion and attitude deflection after penetrating the steel target at variable cross-sectional angles.The greater the ratio of long axis to minor axis of cross-sectional shape is,the greater the influence of variable cross-sectional angle on the deflection angular velocity is.Variable cross-section angle has an affect the force direction of the projectile during the process of penetrating the target,which may lead to the reversal of force on the projectile.The relevant studies have good guiding value for the optimization of structural characteristic parameters of variable cross-sectional projectile and the prediction of trajectory characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectiles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets.

Key words: variable cross-section projectile, structural characteristics, ballistic characteristics, oblique penetration, spaced steel target

中图分类号:

O385

蒋腾, 武海军, 邓希旻, 全鑫, 董恒, 黄风雷. 变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶弹道特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(2): 240019-.

JIANG Teng, WU Haijun, DENG Ximin, QUAN Xin, DONG Heng, HUANG Fenglei. Study on Ballistic Characteristics of Variable Cross-section Projectile Obliquely Penetrating Two-layer Spacer Steel Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(2): 240019-.

图/表 33

图1 变截面弹体结构特征图

Fig.1 Structure characteristic diagram of variable cross-section projectile

图2 变截面弹体结构参数图

Fig.2 Structural parameter diagram of variable cross-section projectiles

表1 3类实验弹体结构参数

Table 1 Structural parameters of three types of experimental projectiles

横截面形状	弹体类型	长径比	长短轴之比	变截面角度/(°)	弹体质量/g
椭圆等截面	E	2.8	1.25	0	50.0
椭圆变截面	VE1	2.8	1.25	1	50.0
椭圆变截面	VE2	2.8	1.25	2.5	50.6

图3 实验弹体实物图

Fig.3 Views of experimental projectile

图4 发射件示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the launched piece

图5 实验靶板系统

Fig.5 Experimental target system

图6 实验平台示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of experimental platform

图7 弹体偏转角示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of deflection angle of projectile

表2 弹体速度统计

Table 2 Projectile velocity statistics table

序号	弹体类型	着角/(°)	首层着靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	第2层着靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	第2层出靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	首层靶速度降/ (m·s^-1)	第2层靶速度降/ (m·s^-1)	第1层速度降低比率/%	第2层速度降低比率/%
1	E	5	1034.7	987.6	929.1	47.1	58.5	4.55	5.92
2	VE1		955.7	902.4	839.2	53.3	63.2	5.58	7.00
3	VE2		872.3	822.1	760.0	50.2	61.1	5.75	7.43

图8 弹体侵彻靶板的弹道轨迹图

Fig.8 Trajectory diagram of projectile penetrating target

表3 弹体穿甲过程姿态统计

Table 3 Attitude statistics table of projectile during armor-piercing process (°)

弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	偏转角						攻角			姿态角
弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	$γ v 0$	$γ v 1$	Δγ_v	$γ h 0$	$γ h 1$	Δγ_h	α₀	α₁	Δα	θ₀	θ₁	Δθ
E	5	1	3	1	-2	0	0	0	-3	-3	0	8.0	5.1	-2.9
E		2	-4	-8	-4	0	0	0	7	13	6	1.0	9.4	8.3
VE1		1	-5	-7	-2	6	12	6	5	6	1	6.0	13.0	7.0
VE1		2	-12	-34	-22	12	38	26	8	26	18	13.6	37.0	23.4
VE2		1	-3	-7	-4	5	4	-1	3	9	6	5.3	12.2	6.9
VE2		2	-12	-27	-15	4	4	0	10	22	12	8.0	28.3	20.3

表3 弹体穿甲过程姿态统计

Table 3 Attitude statistics table of projectile during armor-piercing process (°)

弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	偏转角						攻角			姿态角
弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	$γ v 0$	$γ v 1$	Δγ_v	$γ h 0$	$γ h 1$	Δγ_h	α₀	α₁	Δα	θ₀	θ₁	Δθ
E	5	1	3	1	-2	0	0	0	-3	-3	0	8.0	5.1	-2.9
E		2	-4	-8	-4	0	0	0	7	13	6	1.0	9.4	8.3
VE1		1	-5	-7	-2	6	12	6	5	6	1	6.0	13.0	7.0
VE1		2	-12	-34	-22	12	38	26	8	26	18	13.6	37.0	23.4
VE2		1	-3	-7	-4	5	4	-1	3	9	6	5.3	12.2	6.9
VE2		2	-12	-27	-15	4	4	0	10	22	12	8.0	28.3	20.3

图9 第2层靶板破坏形貌图

Fig.9 Failure topography of the second layer target

图10 回收弹体及冲塞块图

Fig.10 Recovered projectiles and plate plugs

图11 弹靶有限元模型示意图

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of finite element model of projectile and target

图12 网格敏感性验证

Fig.12 Grid sensitivity verification

表4 30CrMnSiNi2A材料模型参数

Table 4 30CrMnSiNi2A material model parameters

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	T_r	T_m	$ε ·$ ₀/s^-1	χ	m	c_p/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)
7.85	210	0.3	294	1760	2.1×10^-3	0.9	1	452
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅
1269	810	0.479	0.040	0.248	2.392	0.317	5.504	-4.161

表4 30CrMnSiNi2A材料模型参数

Table 4 30CrMnSiNi2A material model parameters

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	T_r	T_m	$ε ·$ ₀/s^-1	χ	m	c_p/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)
7.85	210	0.3	294	1760	2.1×10^-3	0.9	1	452
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅
1269	810	0.479	0.040	0.248	2.392	0.317	5.504	-4.161

表5 Q345E材料模型主要参数

Table 5 Main parameters of Q345E material model

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	A/MPa	B/MPa	n
7.85	206	0.28	355	930	0.496
m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
1.0	0.2	1.16	-1.22	-0.0234	1.5

图13 仿真靶板破坏形貌图

Fig.13 Simulation target failure topography

图14 仿真与实验弹道轨迹图

Fig.14 Simulation and experiment ballistic trajectory diagram

图15 速度时程曲线仿真与实验数据对比

Fig.15 Speed-time curve simulation and experimental data comparison

图16 偏转角时程曲线仿真与实验数据对比

Fig.16 Deflection angle-time curve simulation and experimental data comparison

表6 实验与仿真速度对比

Table 6 Experimental and simulated speeds

弹体类型	实验速度/(m·s^-1)			仿真速度/(m·s^-1)			相对误差/%
E	首层着靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶速度	首层着靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶
E	1034.7	987.6	929.1	1034.7	978.1	916.1	0.96	1.41

表7 实验与仿真偏转角对比

Table 7 Experimental and simulated deflection angles

弹体类型	实验偏转角/(°)			仿真角度/(°)			相对误差/%
E	首层着靶角度	第2层着靶角度	第2层出靶角度	首层着靶角度	第2层着靶角度	第2层出靶角度	第2层着靶	第2层出靶
E	3	-4	-8	3	-4.19	-8.48	4.53	5.66

图17 E型弹体纵向加速度-时程曲线

Fig.17 Longitudinal acceleration-time curve of E-type projectile

图18 E型弹体纵向位移-时程曲线

Fig.18 Longitudinal displacement-time curve of E-type projectile

图19 弹体穿靶不同阶段图

Fig.19 Different stages of projectile penetration

表8 变截面弹体参数

Table 8 Statistical table of variable cross-section projectile parameters

序号	横截面形状	变截面角度/ (°)	编号	长短轴之比	弹长/ mm	弹体质量/g
1	圆等截面	0	C	1	42	50.0
2	圆等截面	1	VC1
3	圆等截面	2.5	VC2
4	椭圆等截面	0	E	1.25
5	椭圆变截面	1	VE1
6	椭圆变截面	2.5	VE2

图20 弹体侵彻双层间隔钢靶数值模拟示意图

Fig.20 Schematic diagram of numerical simulation of projectile penetrating double-layer spaced steel target

图21 弹体速度时程曲线图

Fig.21 Projectile velocity-time curve

图22 弹体纵向位移时程曲线图

Fig.22 Longitudinal displacement-time curves of projectiles

图23 弹体偏转角时程曲线图

Fig.23 Deflection angle-time curves of projectiles

图24 不同截面弹体纵向加速度时程曲线图

Fig.24 Longitudinal acceleration-time curves of projectiles with different sections

图25 弹体穿靶过程示意图

Fig.25 Schematic diagram of projectile penetration process

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