在弹道冲击条件下超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合材料板破坏模式

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0725

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超高分子量聚乙烯因其轻质和超强的机械性能而广泛应用于防护领域,可以有效抵御弹丸冲击,然而其细观抗侵彻机理及弹道冲击破坏模式还有待进一步研究。主要以二维机织和单向超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料为研究对象,建立了考虑纤维复合材料细观结构特征的弹道冲击有限元分析模型,针对不同厚度、不同纤维铺层数的复合材料板开展了正/斜侵彻数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比分析,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。在此基础上,研究了复合材料板在不同冲击条件下的破坏模式与能量吸收特性。结果表明,不同速度下复合材料板的破坏模式大致相同,速度越低靶板的变形区域越大,靶板吸收的能量越少,这反映了材料在低速冲击下更趋向于发生大范围塑性变形而非局部脆性断裂;随着侵彻角度的减小,弹丸与目标材料的相互作用时间显著增加,促进了能量的传递与吸收。研究不仅深入探讨了超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的弹道冲击力学响应,还明确了不同冲击条件下材料的破坏模式与能量吸收机制,为设计具有高效抗侵彻性能的复合材料靶板提供了坚实的理论基础。

关键词: 复合材料, 冲击动力学, 破坏机理, 有限元模拟

Abstract:

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used in the protective field due to its lightweight and exceptional mechanical properties,which can effectively resist projectile impacts.However,the micro-scale anti-penetration mechanism and ballistic impact damage modes of UHMWPE remain to be further investigated. This study focuses on two-dimensional woven and unidirectional (UD) UHMWPE composites,establishing a finite element analysis model for ballistic impacts that considers the microstructural characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites.Numerical simulations of normal and oblique penetration were conducted for composite targets with varying thicknesses and fiber layer counts,and the results were compared with experimental data to verify their reliability.Subsequently,the damage modes and energy absorption characteristics of the composite plates under different impact conditions were investigated.The results indicate that the damage modes of the composite plates are similar across different speeds,with lower speeds resulting in larger deformation areas and less energy absorption,reflecting a tendency for the material to experience extensive plastic deformation rather than localized brittle fracture under low-speed impacts.As the penetration angle decreases,the interaction time between the projectile and the target material significantly increases,enhancing energy transfer and absorption.This study not only delves into the ballistic impact mechanical response of UHMWPE composites,but also clarifies the damage modes and energy absorption mechanisms of the material under different impact conditions,providing a solid theoretical foundation for the design of composite plates with high-efficiency anti-penetration performance.

Key words: composite materials, impact dynamics, destruction mechanism, finite element simulation

甄泓, 肖李军, 杜成鑫, 宋卫东. 在弹道冲击条件下超高分子量聚乙烯纤维复合材料板破坏模式[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(7): 240725-.

ZHEN Hong, XIAO Lijun, DU Chengxin, SONG Weidong. Damage Modes of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Composite Plates under Ballistic Impact Conditions[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(7): 240725-.

图/表 24

图1 试验试件

Fig.1 Test specimen

图2 试验装置图

Fig.2 Experimental setup diagram

图3 试验结果

Fig.3 Test Results

图4 UD板冲击过程

Fig.4 Impact process of UD plate

图5 平纹织物靶板冲击过程

Fig.5 Impact process of plain weave fabric plate

图6 几何模型

Fig.6 Geometric model

图7 纱线方向定义

Fig.7 Definition of yarn orientation

表1 UHMWPE纤维材料力学性能[6,19]

Table 1 Mechanical properties of UHMWPE materials[6,19]

参数	数值
密度ρ/(g·cm^-3)	0.97
1方向弹性模量E₁₁/GPa	152.88
2方向弹性模量E₂₂/GPa	1.5288
3方向弹性模量E₃₃/GPa	1.5288
泊松比ν₁₂	0.3
泊松比ν₁₃	0.3
泊松比ν₂₃	0.4
1-2方向剪切模量G₁₂/MPa	300
1-3方向剪切模量G₁₃/MPa	300
2-3方向剪切模量G₂₃/MPa	150
失效应力X_T/GPa	3.16

表2 cohesive单元材料参数[24]

Table 2 Material parameters of cohesive units[24]

参数	数值
K_n/(N·mm^-3)	10⁶
K_s/(N·mm^-3)	10⁶
K_t/(N·mm^-3)	10⁶
N/MPa	62
S,T/MPa	110
G_nc/(N·mm^-1)	280
G_sc,G_tc/(N·mm^-1)	495

图8 UD板试验与仿真对比

Fig.8 Comparison between UD plate experiments and simulations

图9 平纹织物板试验与仿真对比

Fig.9 Comparison between plain weave fabric plate experiments and simulations

图10 试验与数值模拟误差对比图

Fig.10 Error comparison between experiments and numerical simulations

图11 正侵彻速度对比图

Fig.11 Comparison chart of normal penetration velocities

图12 平纹织物板斜侵彻试验与仿真对比图

Fig.12 Comparison of oblique penetration experiments and simulations for plain weave fabric plate

图13 平纹织物板斜侵彻误差对比图

Fig.13 Error comparison for oblique penetration of plain weave fabric plate

图14 斜侵彻速度对比图

Fig.14 Comparison chart of oblique penetration velocities

图15 10层平纹机织靶板在不同速度下的应力云图

Fig.15 Stress contour maps of 10-layer plain weave target plate under different velocities

表3 10层平纹织物板剩余速度对比及能量吸收情况

Table 3 Comparison of residual velocity and energy absorption of 10-layer plain weave fabric plate

初速度/(m·s^-1)	剩余速度/(m·s^-1)	吸收能量/J	能量吸收率/%
350	332.9	26.04	9.5
600	583.4	43.81	5.4
850	831.9	67.89	4.21

图16 不同部分吸收的能量

Fig.16 Energy absorbed by different parts

图17 5mmUD靶板在不同速度下的应力云图

Fig.17 Stress contour maps of 5mm UD target plate under different velocities

表4 5mmUD板剩余速度对比及能量吸收情况

Table 4 Comparison of residual velocity and energy absorption of 5mm UD plate

初速度/(m·s^-1)	剩余速度/(m·s^-1)	吸收能量/J	能量吸收率/%
350	318.6	46.81	17.1
600	552.3	122	15.3
850	777.9	261.73	16.2

图18 不同部分吸收的能量

Fig.18 Energy absorbed by different parts

图19 不同角度斜侵彻下破坏模式

Fig.19 Damage modes under oblique penetration at different angles

图20 不同入射角度下速度随时间的变化曲线

Fig.20 Velocity-time curves under different incident angles

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