横流环境中水下电磁发射出筒空泡与弹道特性的数值模拟

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0690

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究横流环境中水下电磁发射射弹出筒过程的空泡形态和弹道特性,基于重叠网格技术,结合流体体积多相流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,对不同横流速度下无燃气作用的水下电磁发射出筒过程进行数值模拟,探究横流、出筒空泡与射弹运动的耦合作用机理。研究结果表明:横流作用下,出筒空泡迎流侧半径减小,背流侧半径增大,而膛口附近的弹体迎流面还会沾湿,压力增大,使得射弹出筒后的黏滞阻力增加,压差侧向力作用在横流方向上;随着横流速度的增加,出筒空泡变化更加显著,射弹迎流侧的空泡消失,迎流面完全沾湿,并且背流侧尾流区中压力剧烈减小,导致空泡大幅度扩张,在尾流区的后驻点附近,局部压力增大,使得空泡中间向内坍缩;射弹运动受到的阻力剧烈增强,并且由于弹体锥段的侧向力相比圆柱段更大,俯仰力矩沿着顺时针方向,导致射弹往横流方向偏移,产生顺时针偏转,并随着位移增长变得更加显著,弹道发生失稳。

关键词: 水下电磁发射, 横流作用, 空化, 超空泡射弹, 弹道特性

Abstract:

The cavitation and ballistic characteristics of an underwater electromagnetically launched projectile during ejection process under the cross-flow environment are studied. The ejection process of underwater electromagnetically launched projectile without gas at different cross-flow velocities is numerically simulated based on the overlapped grid technology, VOF multiphase flow model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model. This paper aims to investigate the coupling mechanism of the cross-flow, the ejection cavitation and the motion of the projectile. The results show that the supercavities on the windward side decrease and the supercavities on the leeward side increase under the effect of cross-flow, while the windward surface of the projectile near the launch tube is still wetted. As the pressure of projectile increases, the viscous drag of projectile out of the launch tube increases, and the differential pressure force acts in the direction of the cross-flow, and it becomes more significant with the increase in the cross-flow velocity. Meanwhile the windward supercavities disappear, the windward surface is completely wetted, and the pressure in the wake region of the leeward side decreases dramatically, which leads to the large expansion of the supercavities. The local pressure near the leeward stationary point in the wake region increases, causing the center of the supercavities to collapse inward. The lateral force and drag of projectile motion are dramatically increased, and the pitching moment is along the clockwise direction due to the greater force in the conical section of projectile as compared to the cylindrical section, which leads to the deflection of projectile in the direction of the cross-flow, resulting in a clockwise deflection. The deflection of projectile becomes more pronounced with the growth of displacement, and the trajectory destabilization occurs.

Key words: underwater electromagnetic launch, cross-flow effect, cavitation, supercavitating projectile, ballistic characteristics

中图分类号:

TJ630.1

张鑫, 周标军, 赵子杰, 李浩永, 戴琪. 横流环境中水下电磁发射出筒空泡与弹道特性的数值模拟[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(5): 240690-.

ZHANG Xin, ZHOU Biaojun, ZHAO Zijie, LI Haoyong, DAI Qi. Numerical Simulation of Cavitation and Ballistic Characteristics of Underwater Electromagnetically Launched Projectile in the Cross-flow Environment[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(5): 240690-.

图/表 22

图1 射弹物理模型

Fig.1 Physical model of projectile

表1 射弹物理参数

Table 1 Physical parameters of projectile

弹长 L/mm	弹径 D/mm	空化器直径 D_n/mm	质量/ g	I_xx/ (kg·m²)	I_yy、I_zz/ (kg·m²)
170	12.65	4	136	2.5×10^-6	1.6×10^-3

图2 多级电磁线圈发射装置示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of a multi-stage electromagnetic coil launcher

图3 射弹内弹道加速过程曲线

Fig.3 Interior ballistic curves

图4 计算域和边界条件示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of computational domain and boundary conditions

图5 网格划分设置

Fig.5 Grid division setting

图6 仿真结果和文献[24]经验公式计算结果对比

Fig.6 Comparison of simulated results and empirical formula results in Ref.[24]

图7 不同网格密度下弹体速度变化曲线图

Fig.7 Velocity curves of projectile under different grid densities

图8 不同网格密度下空泡形态

Fig.8 Shapes of cavities under different mesh densities

图9 射弹表面y+分布

Fig.9 y+ distribution on the projectile surface

图10 无横流作用条件下出筒空泡发展过程

Fig.10 Evolution of launch tube cavity without cross-flow effect

表2 不同横流速度作用下空泡发展历程

Table 2 Evolution of launch tube cavity under different cross-flow velocities

图11 不同速度横流作用下对称面空泡轮廓

Fig.11 Cavity shapes on the symmetry plane

图12 不同速度横流作用下弹身处横截面空泡轮廓

Fig.12 Cavity shapes on the cross section

图13 不同速度横流作用下弹体出筒时刻对称面膛口流场流线图

Fig.13 Streamlines of flow fields around the launch tube on the symmetry plane

图14 不同速度横流作用下弹体出筒时刻弹身圆柱段位置处横截面速度矢量、静压云图

Fig.14 Velocity vectors and static pressure contour under different cross-flow velocities

图15 不同速度横流作用下射弹阻力系数、侧向力系数与俯仰力矩随射弹位移的演化

Fig.15 Drag coefficient, lateral force coefficient and pitching moments of projectile

图16 弹体运动位移120mm(0.7个弹长)时刻不同速度横流作用下弹身周围静压云图

Fig.16 Static pressure contours of the projectile

图17 弹体运动位移170mm(一个弹长)时刻不同速度横流作用下弹身周围静压云图

Fig.17 Static pressure contours of projectile

图18 不同速度横流作用下弹体迎流侧轴线压力沿弹身分布

Fig.18 Axial pressure curves on the windward side of projectile

图19 不同速度横流作用下射弹压差、黏性力演化

Fig.19 Differential pressure and viscous forces of projectile at different velocities

图20 不同速度横流作用下射弹弹道特性

Fig.20 Ballistic characteristics of projectile

参考文献 28

[1]	马艳丽, 姜毅, 王伟臣, 等. 同心筒发射过程燃气射流冲击效应研究[J]. 固体火箭技术, 2011, 34(2):140-145.
	MA Y L, JIANG Y, WANG W C, et al. Study on impact effect of combustion gas jet during concentric canister launching process[J]. Journal of Solid Rocket Technology, 2011, 34(2):140-145. (in Chinese)
[2]	裴畅贵, 刘国志, 金寅翔, 等. 基于COMSOL的电磁发射一体化弹丸动力学分析[J]. 火炮发射与控制学报, 2024, 45(1):104-112.
	PEI C G, LIU G Z, JIN Y X, et al. Dynamic analysis of electromagnetically launched integrated projectiles based on COMSOL[J]. Journal of Gun Launch and Control, 2024, 45(1):104-112. (in Chinese)
[3]	李嘉麒, 魏曙光, 廖自力, 等. 陆战平台全电化关键技术发展综述[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(10):2049-2059. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001
	LI J Q, WEI S G, LIAO Z L, et al. Review on the key technologies and development of all-electric land warfare platform[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(10):2049-2059. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001
[4]	陈学慧, 孟昭福, 邹本贵, 等. 三级同步感应线圈炮的模型及控制研究[J]. 现代防御技术, 2014, 42(1):31-35,55.
	CHEN X H, MENG Z F, ZOU B G, et al. Research on model and control of three-stage synchronous induction coilgun[J]. Modern Defence Technology, 2014, 42(1):31-35,55. (in Chinese)
[5]	郭灯华, 史铎林, 关晓存, 等. 电容驱动型多级感应线圈炮模型简化[J]. 电机与控制学报, 2022, 26(5):8-16.
	GUO D H, SHI D L, GUAN X C, et al. Simplification of capacitance driven multistage coilgun model[J]. Electric Machines and Control, 2022, 26(5):8-16. (in Chinese)
[10]	SHI Y, LU J W, DU X X, et al. Load-reducing characteristics of gas screen during underwater launch of the vehicle[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2024, 58(2):211-219. (in Chinese)
[11]	LIU H T, LI S M. Experimental and simulation study of the pulsation characteristics of underwater semiclosed initial intermittent bubbles[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 309:118611.
[12]	WEILAND C J, VLACHOS P P. Concept analysis and laboratory observations on a water piercing missile launcher[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2010, 3(9):959-965.
[13]	刘传龙, 张宇文, 王亚东, 等. 考虑适配器弹性的潜射导弹出筒载荷特性研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2015, 36(2):379-384. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.02.027
	LIU C L, ZHANG Y W, WANG Y D, et al. Investigation into load characteristics of submarine-launched missile being ejected from launch tube considering the adapter elasticity[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2015, 36(2):379-384. (in Chinese)
[14]	张程伟, 贾会霞, 周东辉, 等. 横流环境中高速射弹超空泡流及弹道特性数值分析[J]. 弹道学报, 2023, 35(2):67-75.
	ZHANG C W, JIA H X, ZHOU D H, et al. Numerical analysis of flow and ballistic characteristics of high-speed supercavitating projectile in cross-flow environment[J]. Journal of Ballistics, 2023, 35(2):67-75. (in Chinese)
[15]	李海东, 齐江辉, 吴述庆. 横流扰动下的鱼雷超空泡及水动力特性研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2021, 42(12):117-122.
	LI H D, QI J H, WU S Q. Research on supercavitation and hydrodynamic characteristics of torpedo under transverse flow disturbance[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2021, 42(12):117-122. (in Chinese)
[16]	ZHANG L, GU L M, JIAO J, et al. Effects of cross flow on the launching process of submarine-launched vehicle considering the 6-DOF motion at barrel-exit stage[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 309:118418.
[17]	魏海鹏, 符松. 不同多相流模型在航行体出水流场数值模拟中的应用[J]. 振动与冲击, 2015, 34(4):48-52.
	WEI H P, FU S. Multiphase models for flow field numerical simulation of a vehicle rising from water[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2015, 34(4):48-52. (in Chinese)
[18]	李卓越, 秦丽萍, 李广华, 等. 筒口气团作用下航行体垂直出筒数值研究[J]. 西北工业大学学报, 2023, 41(6):1080-1088.
	LI Z Y, QIN L P, LI G H, et al. Numerical simulation on underwater vertical launching process under effect of initial gas[J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2023, 41(6):1080-1088. (in Chinese)
[19]	SAVCHENKO Y N. Experimental investigation of super cavitating motion of bodies[R]. Arlington,VA, US: DTIC Document, 2001.
[20]	SEREBRYAKOV V. Problems of hydrodynamics for high speed motion in water with supercavitation[C] // Proceedings of the sixth International Symposium on Cavitation. Wageningen, Netherlands. 2006.
[21]	谭懿. 电磁线圈发射系统控制参数优化与试验研究[D]. 秦皇岛: 燕山大学, 2022.
	TAN Y. Control parameters optimization and experimental research of electromagnetic coil launching system[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University, 2022. (in Chinese)
[22]	QIN T T, LIU M F, JI S Y, et al. Parameter weight analysis of synchronous induction electromagnetic coil launch system based on the entropy weight method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2024, 52(5):1865-1873.
[23]	黄闯. 跨声速超空泡射弹的弹道特性研究[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2017.
	HUANG C. Research of trajectory characteristics of supersonic-supercavitating projectiles[D]. Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2017. (in Chinese)
[24]	LOGVINOVIC G V. Subsonic compressible flow past a body with developed cavitation[J]. Fluid Dynamics, 2002, 37(6): 873-876.
[25]	袁馨, 周标军, 戴琪, 等. 剪切来流下超空泡射弹空化与水动力特性的数值研究[J]. 弹道学报, 2023, 35(1):42-51. doi: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2023)01-007
[6]	文比强. 水下电磁射流推进技术研究[J]. 火炮发射与控制学报, 2024, 45(6):63-68,84.
	WEN B Q. Research on underwater electromagnetic jet propulsion technology[J]. Journal of Gun Launch & Control, 2024, 45(6):63-68,84. (in Chinese)
[7]	刘越, 赵子杰, 戴琪, 等. 航行体水下高膛压与高速发射载荷特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(4):1126-1138.
	LIU Y, ZHAO Z J, DAI Q, et al. Load characteristics of high chamber pressure and high speed launch of underwater vehicle[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(4):1126-1138. (in Chinese) doi: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0802
[8]	XUE X C, YU Y G, ZHANG Q. Study on the effect of distance between the two nozzle holes on interaction of high pressure combustion-gas jets with liquid[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014,85:675-686.
[9]	XUE X C, ZHANG J H, YU Y G. Muzzle flow field characteristics of underwater sealed launch system under different projectile shapes[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 285:115409.
[10]	施瑶, 鲁杰文, 杜晓旭, 等. 航行体水下发射过程气幕降载特性[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2024, 58(2):211-219. doi: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2022.323
[25]	YUAN X, ZHOU B J, DAI Q, et al. Numerical simulation of cavitation and hydrodynamic characteristics of supercavitating projectile in shear flow[J]. Journal of Ballistics, 2023, 35(1):42-51. (in Chinese) doi: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2023)01-007
[26]	HRUBES J D. High-speed imaging of supercavitating underwater projectiles[J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2001, 30(1): 57-64.
[27]	WANG Y W, HUANG C G, FANG X, et al. On the internal collapse phenomenon at the closure of cavitation supercavities in a deceleration process of underwater vertical launching[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2016, 56: 157-165.
[28]	YING C, HUA Y, WEI Y H, et al. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of flow past a near-wall circular cylinder: combined effects of gap ratio and boundary layer thickness on flow profiles and pressure distribution[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2024, 37(6):948-961.