强烟雾干扰下的枪口子弹初速测量方法

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0160

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对枪口处子弹速度测量易受烟雾、烟尘等复杂环境影响,无法正确判读子弹特征及计算速度的问题,提出饱和式光电检测技术。理论仿真发现637nm激光在狭小空间内快速扩散烟雾模型下最低透过率为4.2%左右、电路光电流放大倍数在10000和15000时,可确保在最低透过率下电路仍处于饱和状态。根据电路输出波形设计基于子弹特征波形的高精度子弹特征时刻提取算法,其中饱和式光电检测技术在强枪口烟干扰下,可以有效测得子弹和烟雾穿过激光光束的前后时间关系,基于弹头与弹尾过靶时刻的高精度特征时刻提取算法能够准确计算子弹过靶时间,二者结合有效提高了子弹初速计算结果的精度及准确性。对该方法进行多组枪口测速试验,结果显示该方法能够准确计算出枪口子弹初速值,多次计算的速度误差在0.5%以内。

关键词: 子弹速度, 激光靶, 枪口烟, 电路设计, 特征提取

Abstract:

The velocity measurement of bullet at the muzzle is easily affected by the complex environment such as smoke and dust,which can not correctly interpret the characteristics of bullet and calculate its muzzle velocity.A saturation photoelectric detection technology is proposed.The theoretical simulation shows that the minimum transmittance of 637nm laser is about 4.2% under the model of rapid diffusion of smoke in a small space,and the circuit photocurrent amplification is 10000 and 15000 times,ensuring that the circuit remains saturated at the lowest transmittance.A high-precision bullet characteristic time extraction algorithm based on the characteristic waveform of bullet is designed according to the output waveform of the circuit.The saturated photoelectric detection technology can be used to effectively measure the time relationship between the bullet and the smoke passing through the laser beam under the interference of strong muzzle smoke,and the high-precision characteristic time extraction algorithm based on the time of bullet and tail crossing the target can accurately calculate the time of bullet crossing the target.The combination of the detection technology and the extraction algorithm effectively improves the accuracy of the calculated results of bullet muzzle velocity.The results show that this method can accurately calculate the muzzle velocity value of bullet,and the velocity error of multiple calculations is less than 0.5%.

Key words: bullet muzzle velocity, laser target, muzzle smoke, circuit design, feature extraction

中图分类号:

TJ206

栾永超, 张斌, 李宸凯, 褚文博, 赵冬娥. 强烟雾干扰下的枪口子弹初速测量方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(3): 240160-.

LUAN Yongchao, ZHANG Bin, LI Chenkai, CHU Wenbo, ZHAO Dong’e. A Measuring Method for Muzzle Velocity of Gun under Strong Smoke Interference[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(3): 240160-.

图/表 18

图1 测速系统

Fig.1 Block diagram of velocity measuring system

图2 测试原理图

Fig.2 Test schematic diagram

图3 饱和式光电检测原理示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of saturated photoelectric detection

图4 电路原理图

Fig.4 Circuit schematic diagram

图5 激光透射烟雾

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of laser transmitted smoke

图6 烟雾透过率分析

Fig.6 Smoke transmittance analysis

表1 放大倍数与最小激光功率的关系

Table 1 Relationship between magnification and minimum laser power

放大倍数	引起输出变化的最小激光功率/mW	对应光电流/μA
2000	21	5197.50
5000	9.6	2376.00
10000	4.7	1163.25
15000	2.7	668.25

图7 特征波形位置

Fig.7 Feature waveform location map

图8 高速摄影机连续拍摄

Fig.8 High-speed photography

表2 脉宽与时间差

Table 2 Signal pulse width and time difference

子弹波形脉宽/μs	烟雾到达激光的时刻/μs	子弹到达激光的时刻/μs	时间差/μs
42.8	999.5	1032.5	33
46.0	1000.0	1036.0	36
41.5	999.5	1035.5	36
42.5	999.5	1035.5	36

图9 信号处理流程

Fig.9 Flow chart of signal processing

图10 特征波形提取流程

Fig.10 Flow chart of feature waveform extraction

图11 算法处理后的2种波形

Fig.11 Two kinds of bullet characteristic waveforms after processing

表3 基于起始点的速度计算结果

Table 3 Speed calculation based on the starting point

子弹类型	子弹恰能完全遮挡激光光束的时刻
子弹类型	1、3通道速度/ (m·s^-1)	2、4通道速度/ (m·s^-1)	平均值/ (m·s^-1)	差值/ (m·s^-1)
子弹A	730.34	728.64	729.49	1.70
	720.62	719.60	720.11	1.02
	734.46	732.32	733.39	2.14
子弹B	978.00	982.80	980.4	4.81
	997.51	1001.11	999.31	3.60
	995.02	998.75	996.89	3.73
	984.01	984.01	984.01	0.00

表4 基于结尾点的速度计算结果

Table 4 Speed calculated results based on the ending point

子弹类型	子弹刚穿出激光光束的时刻
子弹类型	1、3通道速度/ (m·s^-1)	2、4通道速度/ (m·s^-1)	平均值/ (m·s^-1)	差值/ (m·s^-1)
子弹A	728.70	731.40	730.05	2.70
	721.42	722.29	721.86	0.87
	734.46	737.91	736.19	3.45
子弹B	979.19	978.00	978.60	1.20
	998.75	996.26	997.51	2.49
	998.75	997.51	998.13	1.25
	986.44	984.94	985.69	1.50

图12 子弹A测速信号

Fig.12 Velocity measured signal of Bullet A

图13 子弹B测速信号

Fig.13 Velocity measuring signal of Bullet B

表5 测速结果比较及精度

Table 5 Comparison of velocity measured results

子弹类型	枪口初速/ (m·s^-1)	最小差值/ (m·s^-1)	误差值/ %	5m处天幕靶速度/ (m·s^-1)
子弹A	729.49	1.70	0.23	720
	721.86	0.87	0.12	712
	733.39	2.14	0.29	725
子弹B	978.60	1.20	0.12	954
	997.51	2.49	0.25	971
	998.13	1.25	0.13	970
	984.01	0.00	0	959

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