Characteristics of Oblique Penetration of Metal Targets by Jacketed Rods with Different Noses

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0417

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to investigate the influence of different nose shapes on the oblique penetration of jacketed rods into the metal targets,the experiments are conducted for three types of jacketed rods with varying shapes obliquely penetrating 4340 steel targets at 45°.The jacketed rods and tungsten alloy projectiles are compared through numerical simulation,and the penetration processes and characteristics of the three kinds of jacketed rods are analyzed.The results indicate that,compared to homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles,the jacketed rods exhibite superior penetration performance under the same kinetic energy oblique penetration conditions.However,the significant resistance difference between the jacket and the core of the jacketed rod results in more severe trajectory deviation.When the jacketed rods obliquely penetrate into 4340 steel targets at 45° at about 1450m/s,the jacketed rod with hemispherical nose demonstrates superior trajectory stability,while the jacketed rod with truncated cone nose exhibites the most significant trajectory deviation.The oblique penetration process can be delineated into three phases:head coarsening deviation,stable oblique penetration,and penetration termination.The trajectory deviations of the jacketed rods mainly occur after the head coarsening deviation stage.The fundamental factors influencing the trajectory deviations of the jacketed rods are the lateral force acting on the rod nose at the penetration hole-opening stage and the morphology of the penetration hole.The angle between the direction of the combined resistance force experienced by the jacketed rod truncated cone nose with at the head coarsening deviation stage and the axial direction of jacketed rod is maximized,resulting in the largest deflection torque and maximum bending deformation of the nose.Additionally,the lower side of the initial penetration hole is nearly parallel to the inclined cone surface of the nose,leading to the maximum trajectory deviation.On the other hand,the jacketed rod with hemispherical nose experiences the smallest deflection torque at the penetration hole-opening stage,thus it possesses better stability in the penetration.At different impact angles,the trajectory deviation of jacketed rods with truncated cone nose is most affected by the changes in the impact angle,while the jacketed rods with hemispherical nose are least affected,exhibiting the best trajectory stability during oblique penetration.

Key words: jacketed rod, oblique penetration, nose shape, metal target

CLC Number:

TJ410.3

HOU Yunkun, TANG Kui, WANG Jinxiang, GU Minhui, HAO Xulong, WANG Jirui. Characteristics of Oblique Penetration of Metal Targets by Jacketed Rods with Different Noses[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(4): 240417-.

Figures/Tables 28

Fig.1 Structure (left) and assembly diagram (right) of jacketed rod

Fig.2 Experimental site layout

Fig.3 Flight attitudes of jacketed rods with truncated cone noses at different times before impacting the target

Table 1 Target experimental test results

弹头形状	弹坑形貌	靶板剖面
半球形弹头
尖卵形弹头
截锥形弹头

Table 2 Experimental results data

弹头形状	质量/g	入射速度/ (m·s^-1)	攻角/ (°)	P_x/mm	P_y/mm	D/mm
半球形	34.62	1454.6	0	48.1	33.2	25.1
尖卵形	33.47	1451.9	2	54.5	32.1	26.5
截锥形	32.76	1475.9	3	58.2	34.1	26.9

Fig.4 Enlarged diagram of the truncated cone nose on target plate

Fig.5 Finite element model of jacketed rod obliquely penetrating into a metal target

Fig.6 Finite element model of jacketed rod with hemispherical nose

Table 3 Numerical simulation parameters of projectile and target [22-23]

材料	A	B	n	C	m	T_m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	c₀/(m·s^-1)	S₁	γ₀	a
4340钢	792	510	0.26	0.014	1.03	1793	0.05	3.44	-2.12	0.002	0.61	4578	1.33	1.67	0.47
93W钨合金	1506	177	0.12	0.016	1.00	1723	0.16	3.13	-2.04	0.007	0.37	4029	1.44	1.58	0.011

Fig.7 Comparison of experimental (left) and numericaly simulated (right) results for the jacketed rods with different noses penetrating into the target

Table 4 Comparison of experimental and numerical simulation data

弹头形状	入射速度/ (m·s^-1)	P_x/mm			P_y/mm
弹头形状	入射速度/ (m·s^-1)	试验值	仿真值	误差/%	试验值	仿真值	误差/%
半球形	1454.6	48.1	50.8	5.6	33.2	33.5	0.9
尖卵形	1451.9	54.5	54.4	-0.2	32.1	32.0	-0.3
截锥形	1475.9	58.2	56.1	-3.6	34.1	32.4	-5.0

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of trajectory deviation angle

Fig.9 Trajectory deviation angles of jacketed rods and homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles with different noses

Table 5 Crater formation of jacketed rods and homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles with different noses

弹头形状	夹心弹	均质弹
半球形
尖卵形
截锥形

Table 6 Penetration processes of jacketed rods and homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles with different noses

时间/ μs	弹头形状		夹心弹			均质弹
45		半球形
		尖卵形
		截锥形
75		半球形
		尖卵形
		截锥形
100		半球形
		尖卵形
		截锥形

Fig.10 Penetration depths of jacketed rods and homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles with different noses

Fig.11 Penetration resistances of jacketed rods and homogeneous tungsten alloy projectiles with different noses

Table 7 Penetration process of jacketed rods with hemispherical,ogive and truncated cone noses

阶段	时间/μs	半球形	尖卵形	截锥形
头部镦粗偏转阶段	10
头部镦粗偏转阶段	20
稳定斜侵彻阶段 (弹尾进入弹坑前)	40
稳定斜侵彻阶段 (弹尾进入弹坑前)	46
稳定斜侵彻阶段 (弹尾进入弹坑后)	60
	70
	80
侵彻终止阶段	110

Fig.12 Bi-erosion phenomena with different noses

Fig.13 Penetration processes of jacketed rods weith different noses without angle of attack

Fig.14 Penetration resistances of jacketed rods with different noses

Fig.15 Penetration depths of jacketed rods with different noses

Fig.16 Trajectory deviation angles of three kinds of jacketed rods

Table 8 Trajectory deviation angles of different jacketed rods

弹头形状	半球形	尖卵形	截锥形
偏转角度/(°)	7.87	9.14	11.87

Fig.17 Stress distribution cloud maps during cavity formation process for different noses at 6μs

Fig.18 The cratering behaviors of 3 jacketed rods with different noses

Fig.19 The penetration channel outlines of 3 jacketed rods with different noses at different impact angles

Fig.20 Trajectory deviation angles of 3 jacketed rods with different noses at different impact angles

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