Study on Ballistic Characteristics of Variable Cross-section Projectile Obliquely Penetrating Two-layer Spacer Steel Target

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019

Abstract

Abstract:

The influence of the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile on the ballistic characteristics during obliquely penetrating the two-layer spaced steel targets is studied.The elliptical and variable cross-section projectiles obliquely penetrate a two-layer spaced steel target at an initial velocity of 1020m/s and an impact angle of 5° in the experiments.The trajectories,velocities,deflection angles,longitudinal displacements and longitudinal accelerations of circular and elliptical equal cross-section projectiles,and circular-and elliptical-variable cross-section projectiles during obliquely penetrating the steel target are compared by numerical simulations,and the physical mechanism of which the structural characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectile affect the stability of its trajectory is revealed.The results indicate that,when the initial impact velocity of projectile is high,the cross-sectional area at the shoulder of projectile remains consistent,and the variable cross-sectional angle is within the range of 0° to 2.5°,the velocity variations of projectiles with different cross-sectional shapes and variable cross-sectional angles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets are very small.For the variable cross-section projectile,a critical variable cross-section angle can be found by changing the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile,which makes the longitudinal displacement of the projectile penetrating the first-layer target plate basically zero.Different cross-sectional shapes of variable cross-sectional projectiles have different sensitivities to longitudinal motion and attitude deflection after penetrating the steel target at variable cross-sectional angles.The greater the ratio of long axis to minor axis of cross-sectional shape is,the greater the influence of variable cross-sectional angle on the deflection angular velocity is.Variable cross-section angle has an affect the force direction of the projectile during the process of penetrating the target,which may lead to the reversal of force on the projectile.The relevant studies have good guiding value for the optimization of structural characteristic parameters of variable cross-sectional projectile and the prediction of trajectory characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectiles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets.

Key words: variable cross-section projectile, structural characteristics, ballistic characteristics, oblique penetration, spaced steel target

CLC Number:

O385

JIANG Teng, WU Haijun, DENG Ximin, QUAN Xin, DONG Heng, HUANG Fenglei. Study on Ballistic Characteristics of Variable Cross-section Projectile Obliquely Penetrating Two-layer Spacer Steel Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(2): 240019-.

Figures/Tables 33

Fig.1 Structure characteristic diagram of variable cross-section projectile

Fig.2 Structural parameter diagram of variable cross-section projectiles

Table 1 Structural parameters of three types of experimental projectiles

横截面形状	弹体类型	长径比	长短轴之比	变截面角度/(°)	弹体质量/g
椭圆等截面	E	2.8	1.25	0	50.0
椭圆变截面	VE1	2.8	1.25	1	50.0
椭圆变截面	VE2	2.8	1.25	2.5	50.6

Fig.3 Views of experimental projectile

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the launched piece

Fig.5 Experimental target system

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of experimental platform

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of deflection angle of projectile

Table 2 Projectile velocity statistics table

序号	弹体类型	着角/(°)	首层着靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	第2层着靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	第2层出靶速度/ (m·s^-1)	首层靶速度降/ (m·s^-1)	第2层靶速度降/ (m·s^-1)	第1层速度降低比率/%	第2层速度降低比率/%
1	E	5	1034.7	987.6	929.1	47.1	58.5	4.55	5.92
2	VE1		955.7	902.4	839.2	53.3	63.2	5.58	7.00
3	VE2		872.3	822.1	760.0	50.2	61.1	5.75	7.43

Fig.8 Trajectory diagram of projectile penetrating target

Table 3 Attitude statistics table of projectile during armor-piercing process (°)

弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	偏转角						攻角			姿态角
弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	$γ v 0$	$γ v 1$	Δγ_v	$γ h 0$	$γ h 1$	Δγ_h	α₀	α₁	Δα	θ₀	θ₁	Δθ
E	5	1	3	1	-2	0	0	0	-3	-3	0	8.0	5.1	-2.9
E		2	-4	-8	-4	0	0	0	7	13	6	1.0	9.4	8.3
VE1		1	-5	-7	-2	6	12	6	5	6	1	6.0	13.0	7.0
VE1		2	-12	-34	-22	12	38	26	8	26	18	13.6	37.0	23.4
VE2		1	-3	-7	-4	5	4	-1	3	9	6	5.3	12.2	6.9
VE2		2	-12	-27	-15	4	4	0	10	22	12	8.0	28.3	20.3

Table 3 Attitude statistics table of projectile during armor-piercing process (°)

弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	偏转角						攻角			姿态角
弹体类型	着角	靶板编号	$γ v 0$	$γ v 1$	Δγ_v	$γ h 0$	$γ h 1$	Δγ_h	α₀	α₁	Δα	θ₀	θ₁	Δθ
E	5	1	3	1	-2	0	0	0	-3	-3	0	8.0	5.1	-2.9
E		2	-4	-8	-4	0	0	0	7	13	6	1.0	9.4	8.3
VE1		1	-5	-7	-2	6	12	6	5	6	1	6.0	13.0	7.0
VE1		2	-12	-34	-22	12	38	26	8	26	18	13.6	37.0	23.4
VE2		1	-3	-7	-4	5	4	-1	3	9	6	5.3	12.2	6.9
VE2		2	-12	-27	-15	4	4	0	10	22	12	8.0	28.3	20.3

Fig.9 Failure topography of the second layer target

Fig.10 Recovered projectiles and plate plugs

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of finite element model of projectile and target

Fig.12 Grid sensitivity verification

Table 4 30CrMnSiNi2A material model parameters

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	T_r	T_m	$ε ·$ ₀/s^-1	χ	m	c_p/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)
7.85	210	0.3	294	1760	2.1×10^-3	0.9	1	452
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅
1269	810	0.479	0.040	0.248	2.392	0.317	5.504	-4.161

Table 4 30CrMnSiNi2A material model parameters

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	T_r	T_m	$ε ·$ ₀/s^-1	χ	m	c_p/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)
7.85	210	0.3	294	1760	2.1×10^-3	0.9	1	452
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅
1269	810	0.479	0.040	0.248	2.392	0.317	5.504	-4.161

Table 5 Main parameters of Q345E material model

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/GPa	v	A/MPa	B/MPa	n
7.85	206	0.28	355	930	0.496
m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
1.0	0.2	1.16	-1.22	-0.0234	1.5

Fig.13 Simulation target failure topography

Fig.14 Simulation and experiment ballistic trajectory diagram

Fig.15 Speed-time curve simulation and experimental data comparison

Fig.16 Deflection angle-time curve simulation and experimental data comparison

Table 6 Experimental and simulated speeds

弹体类型	实验速度/(m·s^-1)			仿真速度/(m·s^-1)			相对误差/%
E	首层着靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶速度	首层着靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶速度	靶间速度	第2层出靶
E	1034.7	987.6	929.1	1034.7	978.1	916.1	0.96	1.41

Table 7 Experimental and simulated deflection angles

弹体类型	实验偏转角/(°)			仿真角度/(°)			相对误差/%
E	首层着靶角度	第2层着靶角度	第2层出靶角度	首层着靶角度	第2层着靶角度	第2层出靶角度	第2层着靶	第2层出靶
E	3	-4	-8	3	-4.19	-8.48	4.53	5.66

Fig.17 Longitudinal acceleration-time curve of E-type projectile

Fig.18 Longitudinal displacement-time curve of E-type projectile

Fig.19 Different stages of projectile penetration

Table 8 Statistical table of variable cross-section projectile parameters

序号	横截面形状	变截面角度/ (°)	编号	长短轴之比	弹长/ mm	弹体质量/g
1	圆等截面	0	C	1	42	50.0
2	圆等截面	1	VC1
3	圆等截面	2.5	VC2
4	椭圆等截面	0	E	1.25
5	椭圆变截面	1	VE1
6	椭圆变截面	2.5	VE2

Fig.20 Schematic diagram of numerical simulation of projectile penetrating double-layer spaced steel target

Fig.21 Projectile velocity-time curve

Fig.22 Longitudinal displacement-time curves of projectiles

Fig.23 Deflection angle-time curves of projectiles

Fig.24 Longitudinal acceleration-time curves of projectiles with different sections

Fig.25 Schematic diagram of projectile penetration process

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