高初速无后坐力枪设计与内弹道稳定性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0245

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

无后坐力发射可有效降低后坐力,但会降低初速,为克服初速与后坐力之间的矛盾,提出基于可燃药筒和电磁感应点火的无后坐力枪方案,能够在不降低初速的同时实现无后坐力。通过电磁感应将能量传递到点火头,点火头点燃弹膛内发射药与可燃药筒,提供发射能量,在达到一定压力后打开尾部拉瓦尔喷管,向后喷射气体平衡弹头向前冲量。高初速无后坐力发射装填密度高、最大膛压高,内弹道容易出现不稳定。为提高内弹道稳定性,建立了射击过程中经典内弹道模型,运用数值仿真分析内弹道性能,并研究内弹道稳定性。开展弹道试验研究,对所提方案进行验证。研究结果表明:该方案能够在提高弹头初速的同时将后坐冲量降低到1.5N·s以下,可为轻武器未来发展提供新的思路。

关键词: 无后坐力, 内弹道, 感应点火, 可燃药筒

Abstract:

Recoilless launch can reduce recoil effectively,but it causes the reduction in low muzzle velocity.To resolve the conflict between muzzle velocity and recoil force,a reverse jet recoilless scheme based on combustible cartridge and electromagnetic induction ignition is proposed.Energy is transmitted to the ignition head through electromagnetic induction,which ignites the fast-burning propellant and combustible cartridge in the chamber to provide the launch energy.After reaching a certain level of pressure,the Laval nozzle is opened,and gas is sprayed backwards to balance the forward impulse of projectile.For high muzzle velocity recoilless launch,the loading density and chamber pressure are high,and the interior ballistics is prone to instability.To increase the stability of interior ballistics,a classic interior ballistic model during the shooting process is established,The performance of interior ballistics is analyzed and the stability of interior trajectory is studied through numerical simulation.The ballistic test research was conducted to verify the proposed scheme.The results show that the proposed scheme.can be used to reduce the recoil impulse to below 1.5N·s without reducing the muzzle velocity of projectile.The scheme can provide new ideas for the future development of light weapons.

Key words: recoilless gun, interior ballistics, electromagnetic induction ignition, combustible cartridge case

刘朋展, 王国强, 景春温, 赵雄飞, 刘万川, 王勇. 高初速无后坐力枪设计与内弹道稳定性[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(4): 240245-.

LIU Pengzhan, WANG Guoqiang, JING Chunwen, ZHAO Xiongfei, LIU Wanchuan, WANG Yong. Research on Interior Ballistics Stability of Small-caliber Recoilless Gun with High Muzzle Velocity of Projectile[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(4): 240245-.

图/表 18

图1 弹道系统方案

Fig.1 Ballistic system scheme

图2 弹药方案

Fig.2 Projectile scheme

图3 拉瓦尔喷管开启过程

Fig.3 Opening process of Laval nozzle

图4 发射过程受力分析

Fig.4 Analysis of force during launching

表1 不同弹头质量下内弹道性能

Table 1 Interior ballistic performances for projiectiles with different masses

弹头质量/g	弹头初速/m/s	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
11.2	910	473	4638
10.0	960	454	4608
9.0	990	440	4411
8.0	1020	423	4161
7.0	1060	410	3933

表2 不同发射药质量内弹道性能

Table 2 Interior ballistic performances for gun propellants with different masses

发射药质量/g	弹头初速/(m·s^-1)	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
5.5	1020	423	4161
5.0	965	357	3725
4.5	910	300	3312
4.4	890	395	3168

表3 不同可燃药筒条件下内弹道性能

Table 3 Interior ballistic performances for combustible cartridge with different weights

可燃药筒质量/g	弹头初速/m/s	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
8.5	910	300	3312
8.4	904	295	3269
8.3	896	291	3176
8.2	889	286	3162
8.1	882	282	3112

图5 拉瓦尔喷管推力原理

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of Laval nozzle

表4 不同封口片破碎压力条件下内弹道性能

Table 4 Interior ballistic performances at different seal breaking pressures

封口片破碎压力/MPa	弹头初速/ (m·s^-1)	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
30	1006	422	4048
35	1013	422	4104
40	1020	423	4161
45	1024	423	4194
50	1030	424	4244

表5 不同拉瓦尔喷管喉部直径下内弹道性能

Table 5 Interior ballistic performances with different throat diameters of Laval nozzle

拉瓦尔喷管喉部直径/mm	弹头初速/ (m·s^-1)	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
5.4	950	332.5	3610.0
5.6	925	317.5	3422.5
5.8	908	300.0	3297.9
6.0	884	287.5	3125.8
6.2	867	272.5	3003.8

表6 内弹道性能对设计参数灵敏度

Table 6 Interior ballistic performances under different design parameters

设计参数	弹头初速/ (m·s^-1)	最大膛压/MPa	枪口动能/J
弹头质量/g	-35.7	15.0	167.90
发射药质量/g	118.2	25.5	902.70
可燃药筒质量/g	70.0	45.0	500.00
拉瓦尔喷管喉部直径/mm	-103.8	-75.0	-757.75

表7 内弹道主要参数

Table 7 Main parameters of interior ballistics

参数	数值	参数	数值
口径/mm	7.62	S_j/mm	6
m/g	11.2	S_x_h/mm	18
l/mm	560	α/mm³	1×10⁶
药室容积/mm³	22682	喷管口部直径/mm	5.8

表8 可燃药筒主要参数

Table 8 Main parameters of combustible cartridge case

药量/g	8.5	火药力/(J·g^-1)	7×10²
压力指数	0.83	χ_c	0.997
密度/(g·mm^-3)	1.63e-3	λ_c	0.008
燃速/(mm·Pa^-ⁿ·s^-1)	5.5×10^-5	μ_c	-0.005
厚度/mm	2	长度/mm	80

表9 发射药主要参数

Table 9 Main parameters of propellant powder

药量/g	5	火药力/(J·g^-1)	10.1×10^-2
密度(g·mm^-3)	1×10^-3	弧厚/mm	0.14
压力指数	0.813	χ_p	1.35
密度/(g·mm^-3)	1.1×10^-3	λ_p	-0.259
燃速/(mm·Pa^-ⁿ·s^-1)	6.15×10^-5	μ_p	0

图6 内弹道参数随时间变化

Fig.6 Interior ballistic parameters-time curve

图7 弹道试验器材

Fig.7 Ballistic test equipment

图8 最大膛压-时间测试结果

Fig.8 Chamber pressure-time curve

图9 尾流阴影压力场图

Fig.9 Chamber pressure test curve

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