快速烤燃引信安全性分析与等效试验方法

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0463

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

引信热防护技术与等效试验技术是提升引信快速烤燃安全性与热防护多轮优化设计效率的关键。根据引信一维热传导模型,构建炸药及引信壳体径向温度分布方程,建立基于铝-硅气凝胶的航空炸弹引信热防护模型,通过引信快速烤燃仿真模拟研究,获得引信内部炸药经历20min 800℃烤燃环境的温度变化曲线。隔铝-硅气凝胶的临界厚度为3mm,炸药最终温度比其5s爆发点(280℃)低87.8℃,可以保证引信的热安全性。以铝-硅气凝胶包覆的引信为验证主体,结合快速烤燃标准试验方法建立基于仿真分析-高温火焰喷射试验平台的引信快速烤燃等效试验方法。试验结果表明,标准试验的引信易损点测温数据与仿真数据对比,精度优于91%;等效试验下引信易损点测量温度与标准试验测量结果对比,精度优于95%。试验结果表明,标准试验的引信易损点测温数据与仿真数据对比,标准试验精度优于91%;等效试验下引信易损点测量温度与标准试验测量结果对比,等效试验精度优于95%。

关键词: 引信, 快速烤燃, 热防护, 仿真分析, 等效试验

Abstract:

The thermal protection technology and equivalent testing technology are the key to improving the safety of fuzes during fast cook-off and the iterative efficiency of multiple rounds of optimization design of thermal protection.According to the one-dimensional fuze heat conduction model,the theoretical equations for the radial temperature distributions of explosive and fuze shell are constructed.An aluminum-silicon aerogel thermal protection model is established for aerial bomb fuze.The simulation study on the fast cook-off of fuze is carried out to obtain the temperature change curve of the explosive inside the fuze undergoing a 20-minute heating environment at 800℃.The critical thickness of thermal protection material is 3 mm,and the final temperature of explosive is 87.8℃ lower than its 5 s explosion temperature (280℃),which can ensure the thermal safety of fuze.Taking the fuze coated with aluminum-silicon aerogel as the verification subject,an equivalent test method for the fast cook-off of fuze is established based on simulation analysis and high-temperature flame injection test platformm,which is combined with the standard fast cook-off test method.Test results show that when comparing the temperature measurement data of fuze vulnerable points in standard tests with simulation data,the accuracy of the standard test results exceeds 91%.When comparing the measured temperature of fuze vulnerable points in equivalent tests with the measurement results of standard tests,the accuracy of the equivalent test results exceeds 95%.

Key words: fuze, fast cook-off, thermal protection, simulation analysis, equivalent test

中图分类号:

TJ430

娄文忠, 阚文星, 冯恒振, 范晨阳, 吕斯宁, 卢奕. 快速烤燃引信安全性分析与等效试验方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(6): 240463-.

LOU Wenzhong, KAN Wenxing, FENG Hengzhen, FAN Chenyang, LU Sining, LU Yi. Safety Analysis and Equivalent Test Method for Fuzes during Fast Cook-off[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240463-.

图/表 22

图1 引信一维热传导示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of one-dimensional heat conduction in fuzes

图2 引信壳体导热率及厚度对传热幅度影响

Fig.2 The influence of thermal conductivity and thickness of fuze shell on heat transfer amplitude

图3 引信快速烤燃仿真模型

Fig.3 Fuze simulation model of fast cook-off

表1 仿真用材料参数

Table 1 Material parameters for simulation

材料	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	导热系数/ (W·m^-1·℃^-1)	比热容/ (J·kg^-1·℃^-1)
等效件	4900	4.5	800
引信壳体	7800	45	460
JO-9C	1700	0.327	1049.5
铝-硅气凝胶	180	0.02	528

表2 JO-9C热分解动力学参数[15]

Table 2 Thermal decomposition kinetics parameters of JO-9C[15]

提前因子/s^-1	活化能/(J·mol^-1)	反应热/(J·kg^-1)
2.1×10¹⁵	1.69×10⁵	3.2×10³

图4 无防护下引信内炸药升温曲线

Fig.4 Temperature rise curve of explosives inside the unprotected fuze

图5 不同防护材料厚度下引信内传爆药升温曲线

Fig.5 The temperature rise curve of booster explosive in fuze under different thicknesses of protective material

图6 铝-硅气凝胶热防护临界厚度仿真结果

Fig.6 Simulated results of critical thickness of aluminum silicon aerogel for thermal protection

图7 快速烤燃标准试验布局示意图

Fig.7 Standard fast cook-off test layout diagram

图8 标准试验火焰燃烧状态(左为火焰燃烧30s状态,右为火焰燃烧1200s状态)

Fig.8 Flame burning state of standard test(the left :flame burning for 30s,and the right :flame burning for 1200s)

图9 引信快速烤燃标准试验结果

Fig.9 Standard test results of fast cook-off

图10 隔热材料状态

Fig.10 Status of protective material

图11 标准试验仿真结果

Fig.11 Simulated results of standard test

表3 快速烤燃标准试验与仿真分析的温度数据对比

Table 3 Comparison of temperature data of standard fast cook-off test and simulation analysis

铝-硅气凝胶厚度/mm	试验数据/℃	仿真数据/℃	相对误差/℃	误差百分比/%
2	294.2	319.58	25.38	8.63
4	215.7	202.86	12.84	5.95

图12 快速烤燃等效试验平台结构示意图

Fig.12 Schematic diagram of the fast cook-off equivalent test platform

图13 快速烤燃等效试验平台实物图(左为正视图,右为侧视图)

Fig.13 Physical diagram of the fast cook-off equivalent test platform(the left is the front view,and the right is the side view)

图14 引信等效快速烤燃试验结果

Fig.14 Results of equivalent fast cook-off test

表4 快速烤燃等效试验与仿真分析的温度数据对比

Table 4 Comparison of temperature data of fast cook-off equivalent test and simulation analysis

火焰温度及不同厚度气凝胶	试验数据/℃	仿真数据/℃	相对误差/℃	精度/%
火焰温度	803.6	800	3.6	99.55
3mm铝-硅气凝胶	189.8	192.2	2.4	98.75
4mm铝-硅气凝胶	152.3	158.42	6.12	96.14

图15 引信等效试验结果 (火焰温度参照标准试验实测数据)

Fig.15 Equivalent test result of fuze (flame temperature reference standard test data)

表5 标准试验与等效试验结果对比

Table 5 Comparison of standard test and equivalent test results

温度	标准试验数据/℃	等效试验数据/℃	相对误差/ ℃	精度/ %
火焰温度	873.99	888.41	14.42	98.35
引信传爆管温度	215.7	205.91	9.79	95.46

表6 仿真分析-等效试验与标准试验关键参数对比

Table 6 Comparison of key parameters of simulation analysis-equivalent test and standard test

试验与仿真	最终温度 ℃	精度/%	升温速率/ (℃·min^-1)	精度/%
标准试验	215.7		9.685
仿真分析	202.86	94.05	9.043	93.37
等效试验	205.91	95.46	9.196	94.95

表7 不敏感弹药快速烤燃环境热防护及试验方法技术研究现状分析

Table 7 Analysis on the research status of thermal protection and test technology for fast cook-off environment of insensitive ammunition

防护手段、防护效果及验证方法	文献[3]	文献[4]	文献[5-6]	文献[7-10]	本文
热防护手段	①方式:降低战斗部外壳包覆及内部包覆层导热系数 ②材料:3mm高分子复合涂层	①方式:战斗部壳体涂覆隔热材料 ②材料:0.5mm低密度高效隔热材料	①方式:装药壳体内表面涂覆隔热材料,外表面涂覆外阻燃材料 ②材料:2mm阻燃材料+隔热材料	方式:引信外壳包覆低导热率隔热材料	①方式:引信壳体外部包覆低导热率材料 ②材料:4mm铝-硅气凝胶
热防护效果	炸药装药稳定燃烧	与无防护试验件相比,炸药受热后的开始反应时间从58s延长到16min	相比无涂层,点火时间延迟614.2%,反应结果为爆燃	尚无公开资料	引信内导/传爆药无反应
验证方法	快速烤燃标准试验	快速烤燃标准试验	数值仿真+快速烤燃标准试验	数值仿真	数值仿真+快速烤燃等效试验

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