回波主动抑制的次级水声发射单元设计与优化

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0899

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水下航行器的传统涂覆层主要依赖于材料更新及结构优化,难以应对低频主动声波探测。基于超磁致伸缩材料设计一款轻质、薄型、耐高压的低频宽带水声发射单元,着重分析核心部件的设计优化过程,并由PSV-400激光测振仪验证有限元仿真结果。对辐射面板固定方式的模态进行分析,确定主动发射单元的最优边界约束条件。与原始构型的发射单元性能进行对比发现:在水声发射保持良好指向性的前提下,基于有限元分析2000Hz以下的最高共振频率降低超过10%;基于声振耦合分析主动发射单元在低频范围内辐射声源级最大为147.48dB,提高4.65%;发射单元声源级高于100dB的频率带宽超过1500Hz,且声功率级更高。该发射单元可为后期阵列式应用于大尺度声学覆盖层提供技术支持,具有一定的学术研究价值与广阔的工程应用前景。

关键词: 回波主动抑制, 主动发射单元, 超磁致伸缩材料, 最优边界, 低频宽带

Abstract:

Traditional coating layer for underwater vehicles mainly depend on material renewal and structure optimization, which is difficult to cope with low-frequency active sonar detection. A lightweight, thin and low-frequency broadband underwater acoustic emission unit with high pressure resistance is designed based on the giant magnetostrictive material. The design and optimization process of the core components are analyzed emphatically, and the finite element simulation results are verified by the PSV-400 laser vibriometer. The optimal boundary constraints of the active emitting element are determined through the modal analysis of a fixed radiation panel. Compared with the performance of the emission unit in the original configuration, it is found that, under the premise of maintaining good directivity of underwater acoustic emission, the highest resonance frequency below 2000Hz is reduced by more than 10% based on the finite element analysis. Based on the acoustic structure coupling analysis, the maximum radiation source level of active emission unit in the low frequency range is 147.48dB, which is increased by 4.65%. The frequency bandwidth of transmitting unit exceeds 1500Hz when the sound source level is higher than 100dB. This means that there is a higher sound power level in this frequency bandwidth range. The emission unit can provide technical support for the application of array in the large-scale acoustic cladding. It has certain academic research value and broad engineering application prospect.

Key words: active echo suppression, active emission unit, giant magnetostrictive material, optimal boundary constraint, low frequency broadband

中图分类号:

TB56

王文杰, 杨龙, 赵旭. 回波主动抑制的次级水声发射单元设计与优化[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(5): 1472-1481.

WANG Wenjie, YANG Long, ZHAO Xu. Design and Optimization of Secondary Underwater Acoustic Emission Unit for Active Echo Suppression[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(5): 1472-1481.

图/表 21

图1 超磁致伸缩发射单元结构图(上为三维结构图,下为剖视图)

Fig.1 Structure diagram of giant magnetostrictive emission unit (upper: three-dimensional structure diagram, below: section view)

图2 GMM应变与磁场强度关系

Fig.2 Relationship between strain of GMM and magnetic field intensity

图3 圆盘式永磁体结构

Fig.3 Disk type permanent magnet structure

表1 结构尺寸参数

Table 1 Structural dimension parameters

结构	尺寸/mm
辐射面板	ϕ170×4
GMM棒	ϕ6×15
永磁体	ϕ6×7
配重质量块	ϕ18×18.5
励磁线圈	外径ϕ15,内径ϕ6,长37
外形壳体	截面边长31.5,高72.5

表2 网格有效性验证

Table 2 Grid validity verification

网格尺寸 d/mm	频率/Hz
网格尺寸 d/mm	1阶	2阶	3阶	4阶
1.0	292.51	761.73	1259.3	2803.5
1.5	292.92	761.94	1260.1	2803.9
2.0	297.01	762.43	1261.3	2804.6
2.5	299.14	762.55	1261.8	2805.5
3.0	301.82	763.34	1264.5	2807.5

图4 网格划分(左为内部结构,右为整体结构)

Fig.4 Mesh divsion (left: internal structure, right: overall structure)

表3 材料参数

Table 3 Material parameters

材料	弹性模量E/GPa	密度ρ/(kg·m^-3)	泊松比μ
45号钢	209	7890	0.269
GMM	23	9250	0.210
铁	194	7930	0.280
铜	90	8500	0.300
磁铁	113	3800	0.230

表4 结构材料

Table 4 Structural materials

结构	材料	结构	材料
配重质量块	45号钢	GMM棒	GMM
驱动元件	铁	励磁线圈	铜
辐射面板	45号钢	作动元件	45号钢
永磁体	磁铁	后端盖	铁

图5 仿真约束条件

Fig.5 Simulation constraints

图6 超磁致伸缩水声发射单元实物图

Fig.6 Real picture of giant magnetostrictive underwater acoustic emission unit

图7 模态试验示意图(左为测试装置,右为测试结果)

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of modal test (left: test device,right: test result)

图8 仿真与试验结果对比(左为仿真结果,右为试验结果)

Fig.8 Comparison of simulated (left) and experimental results(right)

图9 辐射面板约束示意

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of radiant panel constraints

表5 原始构型共振频率

Table 5 Resonance frequency of original configuration

阶数	1阶	2阶	3阶	4阶	5阶	6阶
频率/Hz	805.19	810.67	915.85	1418.62	2319.99	2370.49

图10 开孔情况对比

Fig.10 Comparison of opening conditions

表6 仿真共振频率对比

Table 6 Comparison of simulation resonance frequencies

开孔情况	频率/Hz
开孔情况	1阶	2阶	3阶	4阶
不开孔圆盘	294.07	762.42	1261.25	2804.63
开三孔圆盘	294.34	762.71	1261.69	2805.59
开四孔圆盘	294.47	764.13	1261.99	2806.19

图11 约束工况

Fig.11 Constraint conditions

图12 共振频率对比图

Fig.12 Resonance frequency contrast diagram

图13 振动云图与共振频率

Fig.13 Vibration cloud diagram and resonance frequency

图14 发射单元声源级曲线

Fig.14 Sound source level curve of emission unit

图15 发射单元发射指向性

Fig.15 Transmiting directivity of emission unit

参考文献 29

[1]	刘征宇, 车易泽, 刘伟. 国外潜艇用声呐发展综述[J]. 光纤与电缆及其应用技术, 2018(4):11-14.
	LIU Z Y, CHE Y Z, LIU W. Review of sonar development for submarine abroad[J]. Optical Fiber and Cable and Its Application Technology, 2018(4):11-14. (in Chinese)
[2]	BAI H B, ZHAN Z Q, LIU J C, et al. From local structure to overall performance: an overview on the design of an acoustic coating[J]. Materials, 2019, 12(16):2509.
[3]	QUADRELLI D E, CAZZULANI G, LA RIVIERA S, et al. Acoustic scattering reduction of elliptical targets via pentamode near-cloaking based on transformation acoustics in elliptic coordinates[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2021, 512:116396.
[4]	DANIELS C, PERERA N. Investigation of alberich coating to optimise acoustic stealth of submarines[J]. Acoustics, 2022, 4(2):362-381.
[5]	雷云中, 王轲, 吴九汇. 低频大宽带超结构水声发射换能器研制[J]. 振动与冲击, 2022, 41(7):167-173.
	LEI Y Z, WANG K, WU J H. Development of low frequency and wide band superstructure underwater acoustic emission transducer[J]. Vibration and Shock, 2022, 41(7): 167-173. (in Chinese)
[6]	TIAN F H, LIU Y M, MA R L, et al. Properties of PMN-PT single crystal piezoelectric material and its application in underwater acoustic transducer[J]. Applied Acoustics, 2021, 175:107827.
[7]	王婷, 李飞, 杜红亮, 等. 面向水声换能器的压电单晶复合材料设计研究[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2020, 49(6):997-1003.
	WANG T, LI F, DU H L, et al. Design and research of piezoelectric single crystal composites for underwater acoustic transducers[J]. Journal of Human Engineering Crystallography, 2020, 49(6):997-1003. (in Chinese)
[8]	ZHAO N, HUO L S, SONG G B. A nonlinear ultrasonic method for real-time bolt looseness monitoring using PZT transducer-enabled vibro-acoustic modulation[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2020, 31(3): 364-376.
[9]	LI H D, LU J, MYJAK M J, et al. An implantable biomechanical energy harvester for animal monitoring devices[J]. Nano Energy, 2022, 98:107290.
[10]	YAN S P, WANG W, YAN X H, et al. Temperature characterization of magnetic and elastic parameters of TFD giant magnetostrictive materials[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2022, 563:169979.
[11]	韩笑, 郭龙祥, 殷敬伟, 等. 基于分频带传输的单载波水声通信技术研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2016, 37(9):1677-1683. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.09.018
	HAN X, GUO L X, YIN J W, et al. Research on single carrier underwater acoustic communication based on multiband transmission[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2016, 37(9): 1677-1683. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.09.018
[12]	YU C F, WANG C L, DENG H S, et al. Hysteresis nonlinearity modeling and position control for a precision positioning stage based on a giant magnetostrictive actuator[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(64): 59468-59476.
[13]	ZHAO T Y, YUAN H Q, PAN H G, et al. Study on the rare-earth giant magnetostrictive actuator based on experimental and theoretical analysis[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2018, 460:509-524.
[14]	WEI Y F, YANG X, CHEN Y K, et al. Modeling of high-power Tonpilz Terfenol-D transducer using complex material parameters[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(10):3781.
[15]	李鹏阳, 刘强, 李伟, 等. 超磁致伸缩超声换能器结构研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2021, 40(11):196-201.
	LI P Y, LIU Q, LI W, et al. Research on the structure of giant magnetostrictive ultrasonic transducer[J]. Vibration and Shock, 2021, 40(11):196-201. (in Chinese)
[16]	李鹏阳, 刘强, 周玲霞. 超磁致伸缩超声换能器设计分析[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2017, 25(5):1065-1075.
	LI P Y, LIU Q, ZHOU L X. Design and analysis of giant magnetostrictive ultrasonic transducer[J]. Journal of Basic and Engineering Science, 2017, 25(5):1065-1075. (in Chinese)
[17]	GANDOMZADEH D, ABBASPOUR-FARD M H. Numerical study of the effect of core geometry on the performance of a magnetostrictive transducer[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2020, 513:166823.
[18]	GOLDIE J H, GERVER M J, OLEKSY J, et al. Composite Terfenol-D sonar transducers[C]//Proceedings of the 1999 Smart Structures and Materials on Smart Materials Technologies. US: Proceedings of SPIE-the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1999, 3675:223-234.
[19]	李文, 张文全, 张德远. 换能器电学性能与振动切削力关系及监测方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2011, 32(2):199-203.
	LI W, ZHANG W Q, ZHANG D Y. Monitoring methods and relationship between piezoelectric transducer electrical characteristics and vibration cutting force[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2011, 32(2):199-203. (in Chinese)
[20]	许延峰. 超磁致伸缩材料驱动低频宽带弯张换能器研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2020.
	XU Y F. Research on giant magnetostrictive materials driving low frequency broadband flexural transducer[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2020. (in Chinese)
[21]	MILYUTIN V A, BUREŠ R, FÁBEROVÁ M, et al. Structure, magnetostriction and elastic properties of an Fe3Ga0.7Cu0.3 alloy[J]. Materials Letters, 2022, 327:133063.
[22]	闫洪波, 高鸿, 牛禹, 等. 超磁致伸缩驱动器磁路设计与仿真[J]. 机械设计与制造, 2022(2):242-246,251.
	YAN H B, GAO H, NIU Y, et al. Magnetic circuit design and simulation of giant magnetostrictive actuator[J]. Machinery Design and Manufacture, 2022(2):242-246,251. (in Chinese)
[23]	HAN J, ZHANG J J, GAO Y W. A nonlinear magneto-mechanical-thermal-electric coupling model of Terfenol-D/PZT/Terfenol-D and Ni/PZT/Ni laminates[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2018, 466:200-211.
[24]	吴光未. 自由端盖凹型弯张换能器的宽带设计[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2021.
	WU G W. Broadband design of concave bending transducer with free end cover[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021. (in Chinese)
[25]	赵志伟. 低频宽带弯曲圆盘换能器[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2021.
	ZHAO Z W. Low frequency broadband bending disc transducer[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021. (in Chinese)
[26]	杨荣耀. 长轴加长型稀土弯张换能器研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2016.
	YANG R Y. Research on rare earth flexural transducer with long axis extension[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2016. (in Chinese)
[27]	童晖. 宽带稀土纵振式换能器研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2010.
	TONG H. Research on wide band rare earth longitudinal vibration transducer[D]. Harbin:Harbin Engineering University, 2010. (in Chinese)
[28]	桑永杰, 蓝宇. Janus-Helmholtz水声换能器理论问题研究[J]. 哈尔滨工程大学学报, 2015, 36(7):906-910.
	SANG Y J, LAN Y. Research on theoretical problems of Janus-Helmholtz underwater acoustic transducer[J]. Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 2015, 36(7):906-910. (in Chinese)
[29]	姚纪元, 王建, 程启航. 一种极低频弯曲圆盘换能器设计[C]//2022年中国西部声学学术交流会论文集. 乌鲁木齐: 声学技术, 2022:163-165.
	YAO J Y, WANG J, CHENG Q H. Design of an extremely low frequency bending disk transducer[C]//Proceedings of the West China Acoustics Academic Exchange Conference in 2022. Urumqi, China: Acoustic Technology, 2022:163-165. (in Chinese)