车辆载人空降的试验与仿真研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0331

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着现代战争模式的发展,载人空降技术受到越来越多的重视,空降载荷下乘员的安全防护是载人空降的核心问题之一。为此,开展车辆载人空降试验,测试车辆结构响应和乘员损伤响应;建立整车和乘员约束系统有限元模型,采用整车加速度边界施加到乘员约束系统上的仿真方法开展车辆载人空降仿真;结合试验和仿真结果,研究空降冲击下车辆结构的动态响应特性及乘员损伤规律。针对触地速度、悬架弹簧刚度、阻尼参数和坐垫参数4个结构参数,以乘员下胫骨力、盆骨加速度、动态响应指标为指标,进行单因素仿真分析和正交试验仿真分析,研究空降冲击下4个结构参数对乘员损伤的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用的仿真方法能够较好地反映空降冲击下的车辆结构响应和乘员损伤响应;空降冲击下,乘员易受损部位主要有下肢、盆骨和腰椎,其中下肢损伤主要由地板直接冲击造成,盆骨和腰椎损伤由通过车体-立柱-座椅传递到乘员上身的冲击造成;触地速度对乘员损伤的影响最为显著,悬架弹簧刚度、阻尼和坐垫硬度也在一定程度上影响了乘员损伤程度;该研究成果有利于理解空降冲击下车辆结构动态响应特性和乘员损伤机理,对载人空降车辆的设计具有一定的指导意义。

关键词: 载人空降, 乘员损伤, 有限元, 单因素, 正交试验

Abstract:

With the development of modern war mode, manned airdrop technology has attracted more and more attention. The safety protection of passengers under airdrop load is one of the core problems of manned airdrop. To this end, the vehicle manned airdrop test is carried out to test vehicle structural response and occupant injury response. The finite element models of the whole vehicle and the occupant restraint system are established, and the simulation method of the vehicle acceleration boundary applied to the occupant restraint system is used to conduct the vehicle manned airborne simulation. By combining the test and simulation results, the dynamic response characteristics of vehicle structure and the rule of occupant injury under airdrop impact are studied. To investigate the four structural parameters of touchdown speed, suspension spring stiffness, damping parameters and cushion parameters, taking the occupant’s lower tibial force, pelvic acceleration and dynamic response index (DRI) as indexes, the single factor simulation analysis and orthogonal experimental simulation analysis are carried out, and the influence laws of four structural parameters on occupant injury under airdrop impact are studied. The results show that the proposed simulation method can better reflect the vehicle’s structural response and occupant damage response under airdrop impact. Under airdrop impact, the vulnerable parts of occupants are mainly lower limbs, pelvis and lumbar spine. The lower limb damage is mainly caused by the direct impact of the floor, and the pelvis and lumbar spine damage is caused by the impact transmitted to the upper body of occupants through the body-column-seat. The effect of touchdown speed on occupant injury is the most significant. The stiffness, damping and cushion hardness of the suspension spring also affect the degree of occupant injury to some extent.

Key words: manned airdrop, occupant injury, finite element, single factor, orthogonal test

中图分类号:

TN911.7

刘涛, 张宏伟, 孙晓旺, 王显会, 张进成, 胡杨. 车辆载人空降的试验与仿真研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(8): 2283-2298.

LIU Tao, ZHANG Hongwei, SUN Xiaowang, WANG Xianhui, ZHANG Jincheng, HU Yang. Experimental and Simulation Study on Vehicle Manned Airdrop[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(8): 2283-2298.

图/表 30

图1 试验布置[1]

Fig.1 Experimental arrangement[1]

图2 测试装置

Fig.2 Testing device

图3 试验车跌落高速摄像截图

Fig.3 High speed photography screenshot of test vehicle drop

图4 加速度时程曲线

Fig.4 Acceleration curve

图5 假人运动姿态截图

Fig.5 Screenshot of dummy motion posture

表1 假人各部位损伤

Table 1 Damage to all parts of dummy

部位	损伤指标	试验值	损伤阈值
小腿	胫骨轴向压力/kN	1.2	<5.4^[14]
腰椎	DRI	12.4	<17.7^[15]
盆骨	盆骨垂向加速度/g	23@0ms	<23@7ms^[20]

表2 轮胎材料参数

Table 2 Parameters of tire materials

材料	密度/(g·cm^-3)	E_a/MPa	E_b/MPa	E_c/MPa	v_ba	v_ca	v_cb	G_ab/MPa	G_bc/MPa	G_cb/MPa
帘布	7.8	21125	43.2	43.2	8.5×10^-4	8.5×10^-4	0.5	14.5	11.8	11.8
橡胶	1.4	1429	22.5	22.5	6.1×10^-3	6.1×10^-3	0.5	7.6	6.0	6.0

图6 车辆有限元模型

Fig.6 Finite element model of vehicle

图7 泡沫材料的应力-应变曲线

Fig.7 Stress-strain curves of foams

图8 金属带式吸能器的加卸载曲线

Fig.8 loading and unloading curve of metal belt energy absorber

图9 假人座椅系统有限元模型

Fig.9 Finite element model of dummy seat system

图10 悬架阻尼力与速度关系曲线

Fig.10 Curve of relationship between suspension damping force and speed

图11 车辆跌落过程动态响应

Fig.11 Dynamic response of vehicle drop process

图12 加速度和速度试验数据与仿真结果

Fig.12 Acceleration and velocity test data and simulation results

图13 假人动态响应

Fig.13 Dynamic response of dummy

图14 触地速度为4.47m/s下假人的损伤曲线

Fig.14 Curve dummy damage under the touchdown speed of 4.47m/s

表3 假人各部位损伤试验与仿真对标

Table 3 Damage test and simulation benchmarking of various parts of dummy

部位	损伤指标	试验值	仿真值	相对误差/%
小腿	胫骨轴向压力/kN	1.2	1.1	8.3
腰椎	DRI	12.4	12.0	3.2
盆骨	盆骨垂向加速度/g	16.2	14.8	9.5

图15 高速冲击下车辆跌落过程动态响应

Fig.15 Dynamic response of vehicle drop process under high-speed impact

图16 高速冲击仿真下的加速度

Fig.16 Acceleration under high-speed impact simulation

图17 高速冲击下假人动态响应

Fig.17 Dynamic response of dummy under high-speed impact

图18 高速冲击下假人的损伤曲线

Fig.18 Curve of dummy damage under high-speed impact

表4 乘员损伤影响因素及影响水平

Table 4 Influencing factors and levels of occupant injury

影响水平	v/(m·s^-1)	k/(N·mm^-1)	α	β
1	6	200	0.50	0.5
2	8	300	0.75	1.0
3	10	400	1.00	2.0
4	12	500	1.25	4.0

表5 不同触地速度下车辆的响应

Table 5 Vehicle response under different ground contact speeds

触地速度/ (m·s^-1)	座椅安装点加速度峰值/g	地板中部加速度峰值/g	最大峰值出现时间/ms
6	71.8	60.9	71.6
8	121.6	126.4	51.1
10	142.1	136.3	41.0
12	161.0	152.1	37.4

图19 不同触地速度的影响

Fig.19 Effects of different touchdown speeds

图20 不同悬架弹簧刚度的影响

Fig.20 Effects of different suspension spring stiffnesses

图21 不同坐垫参数的影响

Fig.21 Effectsof different cushion parameters

图22 不同阻尼参数的影响

Fig.22 Effects of different damping parameters

表6 四因素四水平正交试验矩阵

Table 6 Orthogonal test matrix of four factors and four levels

仿真编号	影响因素				试验结果
仿真编号	v/ (m·s^-1)	k/ (N·mm^-1)	β	α	左下胫骨力峰值/kN	盆骨加速度峰值/g	DRI
1	6	200	0.5	0.50	4.8	19.4	18.7
2	6	300	1.0	1.25	4.5	17.8	18.8
3	6	400	2.0	0.75	3.6	16.6	18.8
4	6	500	4.0	1.00	3.6	18.3	19.7
5	8	200	1.0	1.00	8.3	145.2	45.8
6	8	300	0.5	0.75	8.5	142.2	46.0
7	8	400	4.0	1.25	5.5	99.8	39.1
8	8	500	2.0	0.50	7.9	142.3	44.7
9	10	200	2.0	1.25	8.7	175.1	50.7
10	10	300	4.0	0.50	7.6	160.4	43.2
11	10	400	0.5	1.00	6.3	158.3	49.1
12	10	500	1.0	0.75	7.4	145.3	47.1
13	12	200	4.0	0.75	9.7	184.6	57.9
14	12	300	2.0	1.00	9.8	231.4	61.8
15	12	400	1.0	0.50	9.1	210.0	59.9
16	12	500	0.5	1.25	10.1	177.2	57.9

表7 各因素对乘员损伤影响显著性

Table 7 Significance of various factors on occupant injury

影响因素	损伤指标	P
	左下胫骨力	0.003
触地速度	盆骨加速度	<0.001
	DRI	<0.001
	左下胫骨力	0.818
坐垫参数	盆骨加速度	0.217
	DRI	0.518
	左下胫骨力	0.064
弹簧刚度	盆骨加速度	0.287
	DRI	0.837
	左下胫骨力	0.263
阻尼参数	盆骨加速度	0.172
	DRI	0.282

图23 不同水平下的损伤因素对乘员损伤的影响

Fig.23 Impact of injury factors at different levels on occupant injury

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