曲面型纤维复材防护掩体在爆炸冲击波下的响应特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0735

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自二战以来战场上遗留了大量未爆弹,为合理高效地处置未爆弹,需要强防护和轻量化的防爆掩体以保护拆弹专家的安全。基于该背景,选取铝合金6061-T6、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维层合板和碳纤维层合板3种材料,通过实爆实验和有限元仿真结合的方式,对比研究曲面型防爆掩体与方型防爆掩体在冲击波作用下的抗变形能力和冲击波超压衰减效果。3种材料平板的爆炸实验结果发现,相同面密度靶板的抗变形能力排序为碳纤维层合板>UHMWPE纤维层合板>铝板;由仿真结果可知曲面结构的抗变形能力优于平面结构;在2kg TNT 3m距离、0.5m高处爆炸冲击下,相较于方型防爆掩体,曲面型防爆掩体因其更好的抗变形能力以产生更小的透射超压,在小变形的情况下使掩体内部超压不超过20kPa,可以保证内部人员安全无伤,其中,材料选择对于曲面型防爆掩体削波效果的影响不大,方型防爆掩体采用碳纤维层合板的效果最好。

关键词: 曲面型结构, 防爆掩体, 轻量化, 有限元模拟, 响应机理

Abstract:

A significant number of unexploded bombs have remained on the battlefield since World War II. To handle these unexploded bombs effectively and efficiently, it is crucial to provide a robust protection and lightweight explosion-proof shelter that ensures the safety of bomb disposal experts. In this study, three materials were selected: aluminum alloy 6061-T6, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber laminates and carbon fiber laminates. The deformation resistance and shock wave overpressure attenuation effects of curved and square explosion-proof shelters under the action of shock wave are compared through real explosion experiment and finite element simulation. The test results indicate that, for target plate with equal surface density, the carbon fiber laminates exhibit superior deformation resistance compared to UHMWPE fiber laminates and aluminum plates. Furthermore, the simulated results demonstrate that the curved structures offer better deformation resistance than square structures. Finally, when the curved explosion-proof shelter is subjected to an explosive impact at a distance of 3m from a 2kg TNT charge at a height of 0.5m, it generates lower transmission overpressure than the square counterpart due to its enhanced deformation resistance. In the case of minimal deformation observed in this scenario, the overpressure within the shelter remains below 20kPa—ensuring personnel safety without any injuries incurred. Material selection has minimal influence on the clipping effect of curved explosion-proof shelter, however, the carbon fiber laminates yield the optimal explosion-proof effect for square explosion-proof shelters.

Key words: curved surface structure, explosion-proof shelter, lightweight, finite element simulation, response mechanism

中图分类号:

O383

袁名正, 潘腾, 卞晓兵, 杨磊, 周宏元, 黄广炎, 张宏. 曲面型纤维复材防护掩体在爆炸冲击波下的响应特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(12): 3909-3920.

YUAN Mingzheng, PAN Teng, BIAN Xiaobing, YANG Lei, ZHOU Hongyuan, HUANG Guangyan, ZHANG Hong. Response Characteristics of Curved Fiber Composite Protective Shelter under the action of Explosive Shock Wave[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(12): 3909-3920.

图/表 30

表1 靶板数据表

Table 1 Target plate data table

靶板类型	面密度/ (kg·m^-2)	质量/ g	厚度/ mm
铝合金6061-T6		1944	4.5
UHMWPE纤维层合板	12	1940	12.5
碳纤维层合板		1955	8.4

图1 靶板安装示意图

Fig.1 Installation diagram of target plate

图2 实爆实验布局图

Fig.2 Layout of actual explosion experiment

图3 靶板变形图

Fig.3 Deformation diagram of target plate

图4 实验中各靶板中心点位移-时间

Fig.4 Time-history curve of the center point of each target plate in the experiment

图5 平面靶板1/4计算模型

Fig.5 1/4 calculation model of plane target plate

表2 靶架和螺栓材料参数表

Table 2 Material parameters of target frame and bolt

R₀/(kg·m^-3)	E/GPa	v
7800	206	0.30

表3 铝合金6061-T6材料参数表[15]

Table 3 Material parameters of aluminum alloy 6061-T6[15]

参数	数值	参数	数值
R₀/(kg·m^-3)	2704	D₁	-0.77
E/GPa	71	D₂	1.45
G/GPa	26.69	D₃	-0.47
v	0.330	D₄	0
A/MPa	256	D₅	1.60
B/MPa	113.8	C	5240
C	0.002	S₁	1.40
M	1.34	T_M/K	877.6
N	0.42	T_r/K	293.0

表4 UHMWPE纤维层合板材料参数表

Table 4 Material parameters of UHMWPE fiber laminates

参数	数值	参数	数值
R₀/(kg·m^-3)	1006	K/GPa	2.20
E₁/GPa	34.3	SC/GPa	0.5
E₂/GPa	34.3	XT/GPa	1.25
E₃/GPa	3.26	YT/GPa	1.25
v₁₂	0	YC/GPa	1.90
v₁₃	0.013	ALPH	0.50
v₂₃	0.013	SN/MPa	900
G₁₂/MPa	174	S₂₃/MPa	900
G₂₃/MPa	548	S₁₃/MPa	900
G₁₃/MPa	548

表5 碳纤维层合板材料参数表

Table 5 Material parameters of carbon fiber laminates

参数	数值	参数	数值
R₀/(kg·m^-3)	1500	S₁₂/MPa	450
E₁/GPa	231	S₁₃/MPa	325
E₂/GPa	231	S₂₃/MPa	325
E₃/GPa	10	XC/GPa	1.47
v₁₂	0.300	YC/GPa	1.47
v₁₃	0.026	ZC/GPa	1.03
v₂₃	0.026	XT/MPa	2160
G₁₂/GPa	4.50	YT/MPa	2160
G₂₃/GPa	1.80	ZT/MPa	71
G₁₃/GPa	1.80

图6 实验与不同网格仿真结果对比

Fig.6 Comparison of experimental and simulated results with different meshes

表6 仿真靶板中心点位移

Table 6 Displacement table of center point of simulated target platemm

靶板类型	最大位移		最终位移
靶板类型	仿真值	实验值	仿真值	实验值
铝板	20.5	19.2	11.4	11.2
UHMWPE纤维层合板	25.5	27	1.5	4.8
碳纤维层合板	14.2	13.2	-0.3	0

图7 仿真变形形貌对比

Fig.7 Comparison of simulated deformation shapes

图8 曲面靶板计算模型

Fig.8 Curved target plate calculation model

图9 平面铝板应力云图

Fig.9 Stress cloud diagram of flat aluminum plate

图10 曲面铝板应力云图

Fig.10 Stress cloud diagram of curved aluminum plate

图11 不同结构靶板中心点位移-时间曲线

Fig.11 Displayment-time curves of center points of target plates with different structures

图12 曲面铝板表面受力分解

Fig.12 Surface force decomposition of curved aluminum plate

图13 靶板能量吸收图

Fig.13 Energy absorption diagram of target plate

表7 防爆掩体仿真工况

Table 7 Simulation conditions of explosion-proof shelters

材料类型	TNT 当量/kg	TNT 位置	厚度/ mm
铝合金6061-T6	2	防爆掩体外侧3m、高0.5m处	10
UHMWPE纤维层合板			27
碳纤维层合板			18

图14 防爆掩体1/2计算模型

Fig.14 1/2 calculation model of explosion-proof shelter

表8 空气材料参数

Table 8 Air material parameters

R₀/(kg·m^-3)	C₄/Pa	C₅/Pa	E₀/(J·m^-3)
1.23	0.400	0.400	2.50×10⁵

表9 防爆掩体碳纤维层合板材料参数[24]

Table 9 Material parameters of carbon fiber laminates for explosion-proof shelters[24]

参数	数值	参数	数值
R₀/(kg·m^-3)	1600	SC/Pa	1.55×10⁸
E₁/Pa	1.27×10¹¹	XC/Pa	1.47×10⁹
E₂/Pa	8.42×10¹⁰	XT/Pa	2.20×10⁹
v₁₂	0.0205	YT/Pa	4.89×10⁷
G₁₂/Pa	4.21×10⁹	YC/Pa	1.99×10⁸
G₂₃/Pa	4.21×10⁹	G₃₁/Pa	4.21×10⁹

图15 铝制方型防爆掩体不同时刻的压力云图

Fig.15 Pressure cloud map of aluminum square explosion-proof shelter at different times

图16 铝制曲面型防爆掩体不同时刻的压力云图

Fig.16 Pressure cloud image of aluminum curved explosion-proof shelter at different time

图17 不同掩体的最终变形情况图

Fig.17 Final deformation of different shelters

表10 超压峰值对人体的危害情况

Table 10 Harm of peak overpressure to human body

伤害级别	超压/MPa	伤害程度	伤害情况
1	<0.02	安全	安全无伤
2	0.02~0.03	轻伤	轻微挫伤
3	0.03~0.05	中等	听觉、器官损伤
4	0.05~0.1	严重	内脏受到严重挫伤
5	>0.1	极严重	大部分人死亡

图18 选取网格示意图

Fig.18 Schematicdiagram of grid selection

图19 不同材料的方型防爆掩体内部不同高度超压峰值

Fig.19 Overpressure peaks at different heights inside square explosion-proof shelters made of different materials

图20 不同材料的曲面型防爆掩体内部不同高度超压峰值

Fig.20 Overpressure peaks at different heights inside curved explosion-proof shelters nade of different materials

参考文献 26

[1]	上观新闻. 美国8000多万枚集束炸弹遗留老挝,未爆弹已致约5万人死亡,中国记者探访未爆弹密集区[N]. 上观新闻, 2023-07-11.
	Shanghai Obeserver. The United States left more than 80 million cluster bombs in Laos, and unexploded bombs have killed about 50,000 people. Chinese journalists visited the area where unexploded bombs are concentrated[N]. Shanghai Obeserver, 2023-07-11. (in Chinese)
[2]	任广金. 杀爆弹对典型方舱车辆毁伤效应研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳理工大学, 2023.
	REN G J. Study on damage effect of detonator on typical shelter vehicles[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Ligong University, 2023. (in Chinese)
[3]	ABDO G M, SEOUD M A, ELSHENAWY T A. Ballistic protection of military shelters from mortar fragmentation and blast effects using a multi layer structure[J]. Defence Science Journal, 2019, 69(6): 538-544. doi: 10.14429/dsj.69.13269 URL
[4]	李洪鑫, 欧阳科峰, 左社强, 等. 国外模块化防护技术与设施发展浅析[J]. 防护工程, 2020, 42(6): 67-72.
	LI H X, OUYANG K F, ZUO S Q, et al. Brief analysis of the development of modular protective technology and facilities abroad[J]. Protective Engineering, 2020, 42(6): 67-72. (in Chinese)
[5]	贺才进. 一种轻型防弹防爆复合材料方舱成型工艺研究[J]. 新技术新工艺, 2022(7):15-20.
	HE C J. Research on molding process of a kind of lightweight bulletproof and explosion-proof composite shelter[J]. New Technology & New Process, 2022(7): 15-20. (in Chinese)
[6]	李岳彬, 魏世丞, 盛忠起, 等. 方舱技术发展综述[J]. 机械设计, 2019, 36(4): 5-11.
	LI Y B, WEI S C, SHENG Z Q, et al. Summary of the development of shelter technology[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2019, 36(4): 5-11. (in Chinese)
[7]	马云玲, 赵丽君, 聂建新. 异型防爆墙抗空气冲击波的数值模拟[J]. 爆破, 2010, 27(1): 26-30.
	MA Y L, ZHAO L J, NIE J X. Numerical simulation on different blast walls resisting air shock wave[J]. Journal of Blasting, 2010, 27(1): 26-30. (in Chinese)
[8]	LI X, HAO X, LI S Q, et al. Dynamic behavior of single curved fiber-metal hybrid lamina composite shells under blast loading-experimental observations[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2023, 234:109930. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.109930 URL
[9]	祁少博. 球面网壳外爆荷载概率模型及失效机理研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2021.
	QI S B. Blast loading and failure mechanism of reticulated domes under external explosions[D]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology, 2021. (in Chinese)
[10]	QI S B, ZHI X D, SHAO Q W, et al. Structural performance of single-layer reticulated domes under blast loading[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2020, 149: 106538. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.106538 URL
[11]	ZHI X D, QI S B, FAN F, et al. Experimental and numerical investigations of a single-layer reticulated dome subjected to external blast loading[J]. Engineering Structures, 2018, 176: 103-114. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.105 URL
[12]	刘青青, 郭保桥, 石晨, 等. 基于3D-DIC对爆炸作用下碳纤维层合板的变形研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2019, 33(6):140-147.
	LIU Q Q, GUO B Q, SHI C, et al. Deformation of carbon fiber laminates under explosion based on 3D-DIC[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2019, 33(6): 140-147. (in Chinese)
[13]	BIKAKIS G S E, DIMOU C D, SIDERIDIS E P. Ballistic impact response of fiber-metal laminates and monolithic metal plates consisting of different aluminum alloys[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2017, 69: 201-208. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2017.06.028 URL
[14]	LI S Y, SUI J B, DING F, et al. Optimization of milling aluminum alloy 6061-T6 using modified johnson-cook model[J]. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2021, 111: 102330. doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2021.102330 URL
[15]	AKRAM S, JAFFERY S H I, KHAN M, et al. Numerical and experimental investigation of Johnson-Cook material models for aluminum (Al 6061-T6) alloy using orthogonal machining approach[J/OL]. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2018(2018-09-14). https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814018797794.
[16]	ZHANG R, QIANG L S, HAN B, et al. Ballistic performance of UHMWPE laminated plates and UHMWPE encapsulated aluminum structures: numerical simulation[J]. Composite Structures, 2020, 252: 112686. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112686 URL
[17]	夏清波, 晏麓晖, 冯兴民. UHMWPE纤维层合板抗弹侵彻数值模拟[J]. 四川兵工学报, 2011, 32(2): 119-121, 136.
	XIA Q B, YAN L H, FENG X M. Numerical simulation of elastomeric penetration resistance of UHMWPE fiber laminates[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2011, 32(2): 119-121, 136. (in Chinese)
[18]	GARGANO A, DAS R, MOURITZ A P. Finite element modelling of the explosive blast response of carbon fibre-polymer laminates[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2019, 177.
[19]	陈锐林, 李康, 董琪, 等. CFRP加固钢筋混凝土板爆炸冲击作用下动力响应分析的数值模拟[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2020, 17(6): 1517-1527.
	CHEN R L, LI K, DONG Q, et al. Numerical simulation of dynamic response analysis of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with CFRP under blast load[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2020, 17(6): 1517-1527. (in Chinese)
[20]	余海洋, 宣海军, 何泽侃, 等. CFRP层合板爆炸分离损伤模式研究[J]. 机械工程师, 2022(9): 40-44, 47.
	YU H Y, XUAN H J, HE Z K, et al. Study on explosion separation damage mode of CFRP laminates[J]. Mechanical Engineer, 2022(9): 40-44, 47. (in Chinese)
[21]	许明明. 碳纤维增强金属层合板抗高速冲击特性研究[D]. 北京: 北京理工大学, 2018.
	XU M M. High velocity impact resistance of carbon fiber-reinforced metal laminates[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese)
[22]	干年妃, 王多华, 冯亚楠, 等. 聚氨酯泡沫填充的碳纤维增强复合材料锥管吸能性能数值模拟及试验验证[J]. 中国机械工程, 2018, 29(5): 609-615.
	GAN N F, WANG D H, FENG Y N, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental verification of energy absorption performance of PU foam filled CFRP cone tubes[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 29(5): 609-615. (in Chinese)
[23]	TABATABAEI Z S, VOLZ J S. A comparison between three different blast methods in LS-DYNA[C]// Proceedings of the 12th International LS-DYNA Users Conference. Detroit, MI,US:ANSYS,Inc., 2012: 1-10.
[24]	FERABOLI P, WADE B, DELEO F, et al. LS-DYNA MAT54 modeling of the axial crushing of a composite tape sinusoidal specimen[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2011, 42(11): 1809-1825. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.004 URL
[25]	汪旭光. 爆破设计与施工[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2011.
	WANG X G. Blasting design and construction[M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2011. (in Chinese)
[26]	年鑫哲, 张耀, 孙传怀, 等. 空气冲击波作用于柔性防爆墙的透射和绕射效应分析[J]. 工程力学, 2015, 32(3): 241-248.
	NIAN X Z, ZHANG Y, SUN C H, et al. Analysis of transmission and diffraction effects of air shock waves upon flexible explosion-proof walls[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2015, 32(3): 241-248. (in Chinese)