考虑泄漏的无杆式高压气动弹射器内弹道精确建模及试验

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0172

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

无杆式高压气动弹射器因开口的固有结构决定其存在一定量的泄漏,为此设计并开展样机泄漏测试试验。基于由实验数据拟合的标准干空气热力学状态方程,分别按理想气体和真实气体对比计算泄漏率,并拟合泄漏率随压力、行程变化的经验公式。建立考虑动态泄漏、真实气体效应及真实开阀规律的精确内弹道模型,对考虑和不考虑泄漏两种工况的结果进行对比,并详细分析考虑泄漏的弹射过程中热力学参数与负载运动参数的变化规律,将其与弹射试验数据、流体仿真结果进行对比。研究结果表明:按理想气体计算的泄漏率比真实气体偏小约4%;泄漏率不超过4%/s;考虑泄漏的精确内弹道模型计算结果与弹射试验数据、流体仿真结果均基本一致,具有较高的计算精度。

关键词: 无杆式高压气动弹射器, 真实开阀规律, 内弹道, 泄漏, 真实气体效应

Abstract:

The rodless high-pressure pneumatic catapult experiences a certain amount of leakage due to the inherent structure of the opening. In this study, a prototype leakage test is designed and conducted. Based on the standard dry air thermodynamic equation of state fitted by the experimental data, the leakage rate is calculated and compared under the hypothesis of ideal gas and real gas. The empirical formula of leakage rate varying with pressure and stroke is fitted. An accurate interior ballistic model considering dynamic leakage, real gas effects, and the real valve opening law is established. The two working conditions with and without leakage are solved numerically and compared. Then, the variation laws of thermodynamic parameters and load motion parameters in the ejection process with leakage are analyzed in detail and compared with the ejection test data and fluid simulation results. The results show that the leakage rate calculated under ideal gas assumption is about 4% lower than that under real gas assumption. Moreover, the calculated leakage rate shall not exceed 4%/s. The calculation results of the accurate interior ballistic model considering leakage are basically consistent with the ejection test data and the fluid simulation results, indicating high calculation accuracy.

Key words: rodless high pressure pneumatic catapult, real valve opening law, internal ballistics, leakage, real gas effects

王雪琴, 马吴宁, 马大为, 王尚龙, 张震东. 考虑泄漏的无杆式高压气动弹射器内弹道精确建模及试验[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(7): 1867-1880.

WANG Xueqin, MA Wuning, MA Dawei, WANG Shanglong, ZHANG Zhendong. Accurate Internal Ballistics Modeling and Testing of Rodless High Pressure Pneumatic Catapult Considering Leakage[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(7): 1867-1880.

图/表 27

图1 双缸对称无杆式高压气动弹射器结构

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the double symmetrical rodless cylinder ejector

图2 无杆式开口气缸结构图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of rodless cylinder ejector

表1 干空气的参考常数

Table 1 Reference parameters of dry air

参数	数值
最大冷凝温度T_m/K	132.6312
最大冷凝密度ρ_m/(kg·m^-3)	302.5654
最大冷凝压力p_m/MPa	3.7850
摩尔质量M/(kg·mol^-1)	0.0289586
空气理想气体常数R/(J·(kg·K)^-1)	287.0041

图3 泄漏试验方案示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of leakage test plan

图4 工质泄漏过程

Fig.4 Working fluid leakage process

图5 压力时程曲线

Fig.5 Pressure time history curves

图6 温度时程曲线

Fig.6 Temperature time history curve

表2 两种计算方式下的泄漏率

Table 2 Leakage rate obtained using two calculation methods

l/m	p/MPa
	1.77		2.76		3.76
	理想气体	真实气体	理想气体	真实气体	理想气体	真实气体
0	2.77	2.85	2.62	2.73	2.41	2.50
1.11	2.85	2.95	2.77	2.88	2.47	2.57
2.18	2.95	3.05	2.87	2.98	2.76	2.85
3.24	3.05	3.14	3.00	3.10	2.85	2.93
4.18	3.12	3.20	3.06	3.16	2.89	2.98
5.18	3.27	3.38	3.13	3.23	2.95	3.03

图7 气阀简图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of the valve

表3 模型中的相关参数

Table 3 Relevant parameters of the model

参数	数值
活塞推力面积S/m²	0.0435
低压室初始容积V₀/m³	0.1
开口气缸数目n/个	2
高压室容积V_h/m³	2.5
发射角α/(°)	88
空气绝热系数γ	1.4
流量修正系数μ_x	0.96
阀门管道半径r/m	0.125
标准大气压力p_a/Pa	10132.5
弹射质量m_e/kg	16000

表4 自变量的初始值

Table 4 Initial values of the variables

X₁/ (kg·m^-3)	X₂/ K	X₃/ kg	X₄/ (kg·m^-3)	X₅/ K	X₆/ m	X₇/ (m·s^-2)	X₈/ m
153	300	0.2354	1.177	300	0	0	0

图8 高、低压室温度曲线

Fig.8 Temperature curves in the high and low pressure chamber

图9 高压室压力曲线

Fig.9 Pressure curves in the high pressure chamber

图10 低压室压力曲线

Fig.10 Pressure curves in the low pressure chamber

图11 负载运动学参数变化曲线

Fig.11 Load kinematics parameter curves

图12 从高压室到低压室质量流量曲线

Fig.12 Mass flow rate curves from high pressure chamber to low pressure chamber

图13 泄漏的质量流量曲线

Fig.13 Leakage mass flow rate curve

图14 阀芯位移曲线

Fig.14 Spool displacement curve

图15 开阀面积A曲线

Fig.15 Valve opening area curve

图16 考虑泄漏的高、低压室压力曲线

Fig.16 Pressure curves in the high and low pressure chamber considering leakage

图17 弹射试验测试系统示意图

Fig.17 Schematic diagram of the ejection test system

图18 弹射试验现场截图

Fig.18 Photo of the ejection test field

图19 低压室压力曲线

Fig.19 Pressure curves in the low pressure chamber

图20 高压室压力曲线

Fig.20 Pressure curves in the high pressure chamber

图21 负载运动学参数变化曲线

Fig.21 Load kinematics parameter curves

图22 网格模型示意图

Fig.22 Computational grid

图23 0.375s时刻的压力云图

Fig.23 Pressure contours at t=0.375s

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