面向钝性弹道冲击损伤评估的头部有限元模型

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.1022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为清晰阐明钝性弹道冲击下人体头部的受损机理,基于THUMS(Total Human Model for Safety)模型,通过材料参数优化、比例缩放及流固耦合方法,构建符合中国50百分位成年男性头部特征的有限元模型。以LS-DYNA(Livermore Software Technology Corporation's Dynamic Analyzer)软件为仿真平台,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉算法定义脑脊液流体特性,优化颅骨与脑组织的弹塑性材料参数,并通过网格变形技术实现头部尺寸与解剖结构的本土化适配。选取前额、顶壁、枕部及后窝等典型易损区,对比Nahum尸体实验及THUMS模型数据,验证模型的生物力学响应。研究结果表明:改进模型在易损区域的颅内压峰值分别为150kPa、75kPa、53kPa及69kPa,与实验数据误差为4%~10%,且动态响应曲线形态一致;脑组织最大von Mises应力(29.5kPa)与颅骨主应力(18.7kPa)均接近Marjoux和Yoganandan仿真实验阈值,证实模型可有效预测颅脑损伤风险。结合北约AEP-103标准评估表明,典型冲击下前额颅内压峰值达511.1kPa,远超颅骨骨折阈值(150kPa),凸显现有防护装备的优化需求。该模型应用性强,可为钝性弹道冲击下的头部损伤评估与安全防护提供方法参照和理论支撑。

关键词: 钝性弹道冲击, 头部有限元模型, 流固耦合, 损伤评估, 生物力学响应

Abstract:

In order to clarify the injury mechanism of human head under blunt ballistic impact,a finite element model fitting the characteristics of Chinese 50th percentile male adult heads is constructed by the material parameter optimization,proportional scaling and fluid-structure interaction methods based on the total human model for safety (THUMS) model.LS-DYNA (Livermore software technology corporation's dynamic analyzer) is taken as a simulation platform,and the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian algorithm is used to define the fluid characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid,optimize the elastic-plastic material parameters of skull and brain tissue,and realize the localization of head size and anatomical structure through mesh deformation technology.The biomechanical response of the model is verified by comparing the data of Nahum cadaver experiment and THUMS model for the typical vulnerable parts,such as forehead,parietal wall,occipital and posterior fossa,of human body.The results show that the peak values of intracranial pressure in the vulnerable area of the improved model are 150kPa,75kPa,53kPa and 69kPa,respectively,and the error between the improved model and the experimental data is 4%-10%,and the shape of the dynamic response curve is consistent.The maximum von Mises stress of brain tissue (29.5kPa) and the principal stress of skull (18.7kPa) are close to the threshold of Marjoux and Yoganandan simulation experiment,which verifies that the proposed model could effectively predict the risk of craniocerebral injury.The assessment based on NATO AEP-103 standard indicates that the peak value of the forehead intracranial pressure under typical impact is 511.1kPa,far exceeding the threshold of skull fracture (150kPa),which highlights the optimization needs of existing protective equipment.The proposed model has strong applicability and can provide reference and theoretical support for head injury assessment and safety protection under blunt ballistic impact.

Key words: blunt ballistic impact, human head finite element model, fluid-structure interaction, injury assessment, biomechanical response

中图分类号:

TJ410.6

陈斌, 汪送, 刘星雨, 张昭晖, 李武阳. 面向钝性弹道冲击损伤评估的头部有限元模型[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(8): 241022-.

CHEN Bin, WANG Song, LIU Xingyu, ZHANG Zhaohui, LI Wuyang. A Human Head Finite Element Model for Blunt Ballistic Impact Injury Assessment[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(8): 241022-.

图/表 15

图1 THUMS头部模型[17]

Fig.1 THUMS head model [17]

表1 THUMS与改进头部模型材料参数

Table 1 Material parameters of THUMS and improved head models

头部组织	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	THUMS头部模型		改进头部模型
头部组织	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	材料类型	材料参数	材料类型	材料参数
大脑、小脑、脑干	1060	黏弹性	K=2.16GPa; G₀=12.0kPa,G_∞=6.0kPa	黏弹性	K=2.14GPa; G₀=14.0kPa,G_∞=4.0kPa
额骨、顶骨、枕部	2120	弹性	K=2.12GPa;μ=0.22	弹塑性	K=2.16GPa;μ=0.28
脑脊液	1000	黏弹性	K=2.00GPa; G₀=5.0kPa,G_∞=1.0kPa	流体	G₀=0.5kPa,G_∞=0.2kPa
头皮	1050	弹性	K=4.95GPa;μ=0.42	弹塑性	K=5.20GPa;μ=0.45
脑膜	1000	弹性	μ=0.45	弹性	μ=0.42

图2 头部模型缩放流程

Fig.2 The head model scaling process

表2 中国50百分位男性头部尺寸(18~70岁)

Table 2 Head sizes of 50th percentile men in China(18 to 70 years old)

参数/mm	数值	参数/mm	数值
头宽	158	瞳孔间距	61
头长	187	头矢状弧	350
头高	231	头冠状弧	360
头围	570	形态面长	119

图3 THUMS头部基础模型测量项目

Fig.3 Measurement items of THUMS head basic model

表3 缩放因子

Table 3 Scaling factors

项目/mm	测量尺寸 (THUMS)/mm	选取尺寸 (GB 10000—2023)/mm	缩放因子
头宽	163	158	0.969
头长	208	187	0.899
头高	247	231	0.935
头围	592	570	0.963
瞳孔间距	63	61	0.968
头矢状弧	362	350	0.967
头冠状弧	364	360	0.989
形态面长	129	119	0.922

图4 头部模型缩放主要控制因素

Fig.4 Main control factors for head model scaling

图5 头部模型缩放前后对比图

Fig.5 Comparison of the head models before and after scaling

表4 网格划分的单元质量标准

Table 4 Cell quality criteria for meshing

参数	取值	参数	取值
翘曲度/(°)	<55	歪斜率/(°)	<60
长宽比	<5	最大内角/(°)	<160
雅可比	>0.5	最小内角/(°)	>40

图6 仿真实验环境设置

Fig.6 Simulation experiment environment setup

图7 撞击力和加速度与时间关系曲线

Fig.7 Impact force and acceleration versus time curves

图8 脑组织颅内压力分布云图

Fig.8 Cloud diagram of intracranial pressure distribution in brain tissue

图9 4个典型位置颅内压响应

Fig.9 ICP responses at four typical positions

表5 头部冲击损伤阈值[20]

Table 5 Threshold of head impact injury [20]

损伤类型	最大颅内压p/kPa	最大头部冲击力F/kN
不会失去意识	p<25	F<2.5
失去意识 (少于30min)	25≤p<45	2.5≤F<5.0
颅内血肿或昏迷	45≤p<150	5.0≤F<7.5
颅骨骨折	p≥150	F≥7.5

图10 脑组织最大von Mises应力与头部主应力响应

Fig.10 Maximum von Mises stress of brain tissue and principal stress response of head

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