近自由面高速航行体超空泡特征研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0886

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了研究自由面对超空泡形状以及航行体水动力的影响,采用自适应网格方法结合流体体积方法对近自由面条件下超空泡航行体的运动过程进行数值模拟研究,分析自由面对超空泡形状、航行体升力、阻力、转矩的影响。研究发现:自由面的存在会导致超空泡尾部远离自由面偏移,超空泡的长度远小于无限水域中的超空泡长度;近自由面时,速度对航行体的升力有重要影响(小于50m/s升力为负,大于60m/s升力为正);当空泡完全包裹航行体时,仅空化器头部沾湿,航行体上的零转矩点始终出现在前端x=1D(D为空化器直径)附近,当超空泡尾部界面与航行体相交时,航行体的零转矩位置发生改变;当航行体攻角为正时,转矩受水深的影响较小,当攻角为负时,转矩受水深影响明显。

关键词: 高速航行体, 超空泡特征, 自由面, 空泡偏移

Abstract:

The influence of the free surface on the shape of supercavitation and the hydrodynamic characteristics of underwater vehicle is investigated. The motion process of a supercavitating vehicle near the free surface is numerically simulated using an adaptive mesh method and the volume of fluid method, and the effects of the free surface on the shape of supercavitation, and the lift, resistance and torque of the vehicle are analyzed. The research findings show that the presence of the free surface causes the tail of supercavitation to shift away from the free surface, resulting in the length of supercavitation being significantly shorter than that in an infinite water domain. The velocity of vehicle has a significant impact on its lift near the free surface. When the velocity of vehicle is less than 50m/s, its lift is negative; when the velocity of vehicle exceeds 60m/s, its lift becomes positive. When the vehicle is fully enveloped by the cavitation, only the cavitator head is wetted. A zero-torque point always appears near the front (x=1D, where D is the diameter of the cavitator) of the vehicle. When the interface of supercavitation tail intersects with the vehicle, it causes a change in the position of the zero-torque point. When the attack angle of the vehicle is positive, the torque is less affected by the water depth. However, when the attack angle is negative, the torque is significantly influenced by the water depth.

Key words: high-speed vehicle, supercavitation characteristics, free surface, cavitation displacement

中图分类号:

TJ301

魏平, 翁明灯, 杨晓彬, 王首发, 王一鸣. 近自由面高速航行体超空泡特征研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(5): 240886-.

WEI Ping, WENG Mingdeng, YANG Xiaobin, WANG Shoufa, WANG Yiming. Research on the Supercavitation Characteristics of a High-speed Vehicle Near the Free Surface[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(5): 240886-.

图/表 21

图1 计算域模型

Fig.1 Computational domain model

表1 不同工况的网格参数

Table 1 Grid parameters for different working conditions

工况	自适应加密等级	网格数	最小网格/m	时间步/s
Case 1	1	86	2.50×10^-4	5×10^-5
Case 2	2	165	1.25×10^-4	2×10^-5
Case 3	3	391	6.25×10^-5	1×10^-5

图2 超空泡航行体阻力随时间变化曲线(60m/s)

Fig.2 Resistance-time curves of supercavitating vehicle (60m/s)

图3 超空泡附近网格分布(上为计算域Oxy截面上网格示意图,下为空化器附近局部放大图)

Fig.3 Grid distribution near supercavitation (The top figure shows the mesh on the Oxy plane of the computational domain, and the bottom figure is a local magnification near the cavitator)

图4 当前模拟的空泡形状(上)与实验中空泡形状(下)的对比(37m/s)

Fig.4 Comparison of numerical(upper) and experimental (below)cavitation shapes (37m/s)

图5 当前计算的航行体阻力与实验对比[3](37m/s)

Fig.5 Comparison between present calculated vehicle resistance with experimental resistance[3](37m/s)

表2 超空泡形成过程(60m/s,H=1D)

Table 2 Supercavitation formation process (60m/s,H=1D)

表3 超空泡附近压力云图(60m/s,H=1D)

Table 3 Pressure cloudmap near the supercavitation (60m/s, H=1D)

图6 超空泡附近流线图(80m/s,1D)

Fig.6 Streamline diagram near the supercavitation (80m/s,1D)

图7 空泡稳定形态(80m/s,0.6D)

Fig.7 Stable cavitation shape (80m/s,0.6D)

图8 空泡长度与水深的关系

Fig.8 Length of supercavitation as a function of water depth

图9 空泡直径与水深的关系

Fig.9 Diameter of supercavitation as a function of water depth

图10 不同深度的空泡偏移量

Fig.10 Supercavitation offsets at different depths

图11 受液面影响下与未受液面影响下空泡长度的差值

Fig.11 Difference between the lengths of supercavitations influenced and uninfluenced by the free surface

图12 受自由面影响下与未受自由面影响下空泡直径的差值

Fig.12 Difference between the diameters of supercavitations influenced and uninfluenced by the free surface

图13 不同水深各流速下航行体所受转矩系数

Fig.13 Torque coefficients for underwater vehicle at different water depths and flow velocities

表4 各工况参数

Table 4 Parameters for each working condition

工况	v/(m·s^-1)	H	包裹情况
Case 1	50	1D	无法完全包裹
Case 2	60	0.7D	无法完全包裹
Case 3	60	0.8D	完全包裹
Case 4	70	0.6D	完全包裹

图14 各工况空泡包裹情况

Fig.14 Supercavitation for each working condition

图15 航行体所受升力系数

Fig.15 Lift coefficient of underwater vehicle

图16 航行体所受阻力系数

Fig.16 Resistance coefficient of underwater vehicle

图17 不同速度不同攻角下航行体所受转矩系数

Fig.17 Torque coefficients of underwater vehicle at different speeds and attack angles

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