杀爆战斗部打击无人机集群的毁伤评估方法

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2025.0583

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对无人机集群毁伤评估中存在的部件级毁伤机理不明确、编队构型影响机制不完善等问题,提出了一种融合高精度部件级毁伤建模与编队动态分析的弹药对无人机集群毁伤效能评估方法。通过构建四旋翼无人机“物理毁伤→部件失效→功能毁伤”的毁伤计算链路,分析无人机目标易损性构效关系,结合杀爆弹威力场模型,量化不同毁伤元对无人机功能毁伤的动态影响。进一步考虑一字型、V字型、蛇型及圆型4种典型无人机集群编队构型特征,结合损伤百分比准则与弹目交会条件开展多工况仿真试验。结果表明:破片战斗部打击单无人机目标时,有效命中破片数量与爆炸距离负相关,近距离爆炸时冲击波毁伤效果更优,且无人机下方爆点毁伤效能更高;无人机集群毁伤结果受爆点位置和编队队形影响,其中编队队形影响更显著,圆型编队毁伤效能最大,蛇形编队最小。研究成果为杀爆弹打击无人机集群的毁伤评估提供方法支撑和思路参考,为无人机集群战术选择提供一定理论依据。

关键词: 杀爆战斗部, 无人机集群, 毁伤效能, 易损性构效关系, 编队阵型, 仿真试验

Abstract:

Addressing challenges in drone swarm damage assessment—such as unclear component-level damage mechanisms and insufficient understanding of formation configuration effects—this study proposes an evaluation method integrating high-fidelity component-level damage modeling with formation dynamics analysis. By establishing a damage calculation chain of “physical damage → component failure → functional damage” for quadrotor drones, the structure-effect relationship of target vulnerability is analyzed. Combined with a fragmentation-explosive warhead blast field model, this quantifies the dynamic impact of different damage elements on drone functionality. Furthermore, considering four typical swarm formations (one character, V character, snake, round), multi-scenario simulations were conducted using the standard damage percentage criterion and warhead-target encounter conditions. Results indicate that: For single-drone targets, the number of effective fragment hits negatively correlates with burst distance; Blast waves demonstrate superior damage efficacy at close ranges, with detonation below the drone yielding optimal results; Swarm damage outcomes are influenced by both detonation position and formation type, with formation being the dominant factor—circular formations sustain the highest damage, while serpentine formations exhibit the lowest. This research provides methodological support for damage assessment of fragmentation warheads against drone swarms and offers theoretical insights for tactical formation selection.

Key words: fragmentation-explosive warhead, drone swarm/UAV swarm, damage effectiveness, vulnerability-structure relationship, formation configuration, simulation experiment

张克钒, 张子瑄, 李维娜, 段昂轩. 杀爆战斗部打击无人机集群的毁伤评估方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(10): 250583-.

ZHANG Kefan, ZHANG Zixuan, LI Weina, DUAN Angxuan. Research on Damage Effectiveness of Fragmentation-Explosive Warheads Against Drone Swarms[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(10): 250583-.

图/表 16

图1 无人机集群毁伤评估方法研究思路

Fig.1 Research ideas of UAV cluster damage assessment method

图2 四旋翼无人机目标特性

Fig.2 Target characteristics of four-rotor UAV

图3 四旋翼无人机目标易损性构效关系

Fig.3 Structure-effect relationship of target vulnerability of four-rotor UAV

图4 四旋翼无人机集群编队类型

Fig.4 S Four-rotor UAV cluster formation type

表1 单无人机的仿真试验工况设计

Table 1 Simulation test condition design of single UAV

序号	目标位置	爆距/m	爆点位置
1	[0,0,0]	1.5	[0,1.5,0],[0,-1.5,0],[1.5,0,0],[-1.5,0,0],[0,0,-1.5],[0,0,1.5]
2	[0,0,0]	5	[0,5,0],[0,-5,0],[5,0,0],[-5,0,0],[0,0,-5],[0,0,5]
3	[0,0,0]	10	[0,10,0],[0,-10,0],[10,0,0],[-10,0,0],[0,0,-10],[0,0,10]
4	[0,0,0]	15	[0,15,0],[0,-15,0],[15,0,0],[-15,0,0],[0,0,-15],[0,0,15]
5	[0,0,0]	20	[0,20,0],[0,-20,0],[20,0,0],[-20,0,0],[0,0,-20],[0,0,20]

表2 某型破片战斗部的结构参数

Table 2 Structural parameters of fragment warhead

装药密度/ (g·cm^-3)	炸药爆速/ (m·s^-1)	壳体质量/kg	壳体厚度/mm	壳体内径/mm
1.722	6700	13.75	12	81

图5 有限元计算结果

Fig.5 Results of FEM

表3 有限元计算和工程算法结果对比

Table 3 Comparison of finite element calculation and engineering algorithm results

爆距/m	FEM结果/个	工程算法结果/个	差值
1.5	18	16	2
5	13	12	1
10	2	2	0
15	1	1	0
20	1	1	0

表4 有限元计算和工程算法效率对比

Table 4 Comparison of efficiency between finite element calculation and engineering algorithm

爆距/m	有限元计算时长/s	工程算法计算时长/s
1.5	600	0.2
5	1140	0.2
10	1920	0.3
15	2580	0.3
20	3060	0.3

图6 集群仿真试验弹目交会状态

Fig.6 Encounter state of drone swarm simulation test

表5 无人机集群仿真试验工况设计

Table 5 Simulation test condition design of UAV swarm

编队队形	爆点方位	爆距/m	爆点坐标
	质心	0	[0,0,0]
	质心右侧	1.5	[0,1.5,0]
	质心上方	1.5	[0,0,1.5]
一字型,Ⅴ字型,蛇型,圆型	质心前方	1.5	[1.5,0,0]
	质心右侧	5	[0,5,0]
	质心上方	5	[0,0,5]
	质心前方	5	[5,0,0]

图7 不同爆距下破片数量占比

Fig.7 The proportion of fragments with various blasting distances

图8 不同爆距下破片和冲击波对各部件毁伤结果

Fig.8 Damage results of fragments and shock waves on various components under different detonation distances

图9 爆点方位对无人机毁伤结果的影响

Fig.9 The influence of explosion point orientation on the damage result of UAV

图10 不同工况下无人机集群的毁伤结果

Fig.10 The damage results of drone swarm under different conditions

图11 不同工况下无人机集群的毁伤结果

Fig.11 Damage results of UAV swarm under different test conditions

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