Burning Rate Characteristics of Typical DNAN-based Melt-cast Explosives

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0565

Abstract

Abstract:

The reaction evolution model of constrained charge after ignition is the theoretical basis for the design of safe munition release mechanism,and the explosive burning rate-pressure relationship is an important part of the reaction evolution model. To provide a foundation for the design of safety munition reaction violence control for 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)-based melt-cast explosives,an experimental measurement system for closed bomb burning rate-pressure characteristics is established based on the laser ignition technology and the fast-response thermocouple flame front detection technology. The burning rate-pressure relationship of a typical DNAN-based melt-cast explosive RB-2(DNAN/HMX/Al/binder) was obtained through experiment,and the effect of temperature on the burning rate-pressure characteristics of the explosive was investigated. The results show that the burning rate of RB-2 explosives increases and the pressure index increases with the increase in temperature. At the same time,the higher the pressure is,the more significant the effect of temperature on the burning rate is. When RB-2 explosive is subjected to a pressure of 60MPa,its solid structure will fail to result in a rapid increase in the burning rate and shift the combustion mechanism of explosive from the linear conduction combustion to the convective combustion. Compared to melt-cast B explosives,RB-2 explosives exhibit lower burning rates and pressure index,along with higher structural failure pressures of the explosives. The reaction growth after accidental ignition is slower,and the reaction violence is regulated more easily through the reaction release structure.

Key words: DNAN-based melt-cast explosive, burning rate, initial temperature, specific surface area

CLC Number:

TJ55
O389

LI Zhi, DUAN Zhuoping, BAI Zhiling, XU Liji, ZHANG Liansheng, HUANG Fenglei. Burning Rate Characteristics of Typical DNAN-based Melt-cast Explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240565-.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the closed bomb

Fig.2 Sample of experimental grain

Fig.3 Burning rate-pressure relationship test system for explosives in high-temperature closed bomb

Table 1 Experimental design

序号	壁面温度/℃	恒温时间/h	炸药温度/℃	激光加载时间/s
1	常温(25)	-	25	1
2	40	1	39	1
3	50	1	47	1
4	60	1	56	1
5	80	1	70	1

Fig. 4 Flame-front time-of-arrival signals and pressure of RB-2 at 25℃

Table 2 Average burning rate and pressure data of RB-2 at 25℃

i	l_i/mm	Δt_i/s	r_i/(mm·s^-1)	p_i/MPa
1	8.25	0.463	17.819	22.293
2	8.14	0.212	38.396	29.585
3	8.45	0.187	45.187	37.700
4	8.32	0.091	91.429	53.996
5	8.15	0.026	313.462	63.930

Fig. 5Burn ing rate-pressure curve of explosives at 25℃

Fig. 6 Flame-front time-of-arrival signals of RB-2 at 47℃

Table 3 RB-2 burning time and pressure characteristic data

初始温度/℃	点火药压力/MPa	总药柱燃烧时间/s	最大峰值压力/MPa	总药柱平均燃速/(mm·s^-1)
25	26.1	0.93	68.5	44.42
39	17.1	2.22	76.3	18.25
47	23.6	0.89	87.8	45.94
56	21.1	0.74	82.7	56.54
70	26.5	0.13	105.6	316.77

Fig.7 Burning rate-pressure curves of explosives at different initial temperatures

Table 4 The burning rate characteristics of RB-2 at the different initial temperature

温度/℃	a/(mm·s^-1·MP $a - n$ )	n
25	0.215	1.485
39	0.067	1.841
47	0.054	1.934
56	0.030	2.143

Table 4 The burning rate characteristics of RB-2 at the different initial temperature

温度/℃	a/(mm·s^-1·MP $a - n$ )	n
25	0.215	1.485
39	0.067	1.841
47	0.054	1.934
56	0.030	2.143

Fig.8 Burning specific surface area and pressure evolution curves of RB-2 at 25℃

Fig.9 Burning rate characteristic transition curves for typical melt-cast explosives

Fig.10 Effects of initial temperature and pressure on RB-2 burning rate

Fig.11 Effect of initial temperature on the burning rate of RB-2 at different constant pressures

References 31

[1]	ASAY B W. Shock wave science and technology reference library,Vol. 5:non-shock initiation of explosives[M]. Heidelberg,Baden-Württemberg,Germany: Springer, 2010:245-401.
[2]	胡海波, 傅华, 李涛, 等. 压装密实炸药装药非冲击点火反应传播与烈度演化实验研究进展[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2020, 40(1):011404.
	HU H B, FU H, LI T, et al. Progress in experimental studies on the evolution behaviors of non-shock initiation reaction in low porosity pressed explosive with confinement[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2020, 40(1):011404. (in Chinese)
[3]	黄辉, 黄亨建, 王杰, 等. 安全弹药的发展思路与技术途径[J]. 含能材料, 2023, 31(10):1079-1087.
	HUANG H, HUANG H J, WANG J, et al. Development ideas and technical approaches for safety ammunition[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2023, 31(10):1079-1087. (in Chinese)
[4]	ANNIYAPPAN M, TALAWAR M B, SINHA R K, et al. Review on advanced energetic materials for insensitive munition formulations[J]. Combustion,Explosion,and Shock Waves, 2020, 56:495-519.
[5]	蒙君煚, 周霖, 曹同堂, 等. 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN) 基熔铸炸药研究进展[J]. 含能材料, 2019, 28(1):13-24.
	MENG J J, ZHOU L, CAO T T, et al. Research progress of 2,4-dinitroanisole-based melt-cast explosives[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2019, 28(1):13-24. (in Chinese)
[6]	段卓平, 白志玲, 白孟璟, 等. 强约束固体炸药燃烧裂纹网络反应演化模型[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(11):2291-2299.
	DUAN Z P, BAI Z L, BAI M J, et al. Burning-crack networks model for combustion reaction growth of solid explosives with strong confinement[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(11):2291-2299. (in Chinese)
[7]	白志玲, 段卓平, 李治, 等. 热刺激约束DNAN基不敏感熔铸炸药装药点火后反应演化调控模型[J]. 含能材料, 2023, 31(10):1004-1012.
	BAI Z L, DUAN Z P, LI Z, et al. Regulation model for reaction evolution of confined DNAN-based cast explosives after ignition under thermal stimulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2023, 31(10):1004-1012. (in Chinese)
[8]	KUMAR P, VARSHNEY M, MANASH A. Combustion performance studies of aluminum and boron based composite solid propellants in sub-atmospheric pressure regimes[J]. Propulsion and Power Research, 2019, 8(4):329-338.
[9]	NAYA T, KOHGA M. Influences of particle size and content of HMX on burning characteristics of HMX-based propellant[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2013, 27(1):209-215.
[10]	沙本尚. 基于光学测量的NEPE高能复合固体推进剂燃面铝团聚试验研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科学技术大学, 2021.
	SHA B S. Experimental study on aluminum agglomeration on the burning surface of NEPE high performance propellant based on optical measurement[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2021. (in Chinese)
[11]	孙得川, 贤光. 超声波测量大尺寸固体火箭发动机燃速的关键技术[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(4):1097-1106.
	SUN D C, XIAN G. Key technology for ultrasonic measurement of burning rate in large-scale solid rocket motors[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(4):1097-1106. (in Chinese)
[12]	DURAND J É, LESTRADE J Y, ANTHOINE J. Restitution methodology for space and time dependent solid-fuel port diameter evolution in hybrid rocket engines[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2021, 110:106497.
[13]	MAIENSCHEIN J L, CHANDLER J B. Burn rates of pristine and degraded explosives at elevated temperatures and pressures[C]// Proceedings of Eleventh International Detonation Symposium. Snowmass,CO, US: Office of Naval Research, 1998:33300-5.
[14]	MAIENSCHEIN J L, WARDELL J F, WEESE R K, et al. Understanding and predicting the thermal explosion violence of HMX-based and RDX-based explosives-experimental measurements of material properties and reaction violence[R]. Livermore,CA, US: Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2002.
[15]	MAIENSCHEIN J L, WARDELL J F, DEHAVEN M R, et al. Deflagration of HMX-based explosives at high temperatures and pressures[J]. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2004, 29(5):287-295.
[16]	KOERNER J, MAIENSCHEIN J, BLACK K, et al. LX-17 deflagration at high pressures and temperatures[R]. Livermore,CA, US: Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2006.
[17]	GLASCOE E, MAIENSCHEIN J, LORENZ K, et al.Deflagration rate measurements of three insensitive high explosives: LLM-105,TATB,and DAAF[R]. Livermore,CA, US: Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2010.
[18]	COOPER M A, OLIVER M S. The burning regimes and conductive burn rates of titanium subhydride potassium perchlorate(TiH1.65/KClO4) in hybrid closed bomb-strand burner experiments[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2013, 160(11):2619-2630.
[19]	温刚, 堵平, 廖昕. 用密闭爆发器测定发射药实际燃速的原理和方法[J]. 火炸药学报, 2011, 34(3):57-60.
	WEN G, DU P, LIAO X. Principle and method of measuring actual burning rate of propellant by closed bomb[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2011, 34(3):57-60. (in Chinese)
[20]	姚奎光, 赵学峰, 樊星, 等. 高压下PBX-1炸药的燃速-压力特性[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2020, 40(1):011404.
	YAO K G, ZHAO X F, FAN X, et al. Burn rate-pressure characteristic for PBX-1 explosive at high pressures[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2020, 40(1):011404. (in Chinese)
[21]	SON S F, BERGHOUT H L, BOLME C A, et al. Burn rate measurements of HMX,TATB,DHT,DAAF,and BTATz[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2000, 28(1):919-924.
[22]	GLASCOR E A, MAIENSCHEIN J L, LORENZ K T, et al. Deflagration rate measurements of three insensitive high explosives:LLM-105,TATB,and DAAF[R]. Livermore,CA,US:Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2010.
[23]	MAIENSCHEIN J L, DENSMORE J M, GLASCOE E A, et al. High pressure deflagration of heated LX-17,an insensitive high explosive[R]. Livermore,CA,US:Lawrence Livermore National Lab, 2018.
[24]	HUANG X L, ZHAI Z H, FU H, et al. Experimental investigation of the deflagration rate for PBX utilizing terahertz-wave-based Doppler velocimetry[J]. JOSA B, 2022, 39(3):A25-A30.
[25]	胡松启, 韩进朝, 刘林林. 丁羟推进剂高压燃速及其调控方法研究进展[J]. 火炸药学报, 2022, 45(4):452-465.
	HU S Q, HAN J C, LIU L L. Research progress on high-pressure burning rate and regulation methods of HTPB propellants research progress on high-pressure burning rate and regulation methods of HTPB propellants[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2022, 45(4):452-465. (in Chinese)
[26]	DUAN Z P, BAI M J, BAI Z L, et al. Combustion crack-network reaction evolution model for highly-confined explosives[J]. Defence Technology, 2023, 26:54-67.
[27]	尚海林, 杨洁, 胡秋实, 等. 炸药裂缝中的对流燃烧现象实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2019, 40(1):99-106.
	SHANG H L, YANG J, HU Q S, et al. Experimental research on convective burning in explosive cracks[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2019, 40(1):99-106. (in Chinese)
[28]	朱道理, 周霖, 张向荣, 等. DNAN及TNT基熔铸炸药综合性能比较[J]. 含能材料, 2019, 27(11):923-930.
	ZHU D L, ZHOU L, ZHANG X R, et al. Comparison of comprehensive properties for DNAN and TNT-based melt-cast explosives[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2019, 27(11):923-930. (in Chinese)
[29]	杨年, 马腾, 黄寅生, 等. 损伤对DNAN基熔铸炸药点火后反应增长的影响[J]. 火炸药学报, 2023, 46(11):990-998.
	YANG N, MA T, HUANG Y S, et al. Effect of damage on reaction growth of DNAN based melt-cast explosive after ignition[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2023, 46(11):990-998. (in Chinese)
[30]	许礼吉, 段卓平, 白志玲, 等. RDX基PBX炸药热损伤演化行为的量化表征[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(7):2002-2013.
	XU L J, DUAN Z P, BAI Z L, et al. Quantitative characterization of thermal damage evolution of RDX-based PBX explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(7):2002-2013. (in Chinese)
[31]	BERGHOUT H L, SON S F, SKIDMORE C B, et al. Combustion of damaged PBX 9501 explosive[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2002, 384(1/2):261-277.