Thermal Interaction Mechanisms of Black Powders with Different Particle Sizes and Cellulose as Packing Material during Ignition

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.1060

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to study the effect of cellulose shell on the thermal behaviors, including pyrolysis gaseous products, ignition and combustion characteristics of black powder with different particle sizes, a series of black powder/cellulose composite samples are prepared. Various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy(SEM), simultaneous thermal analysis (DSC-TG-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), bomb calorimetry, and home-made combustion diagnostic system, are used to investigate the prepared composites and their combustion condensed products (CCPs). The results show that the overall heat releases of two black powders are decreased by 66.4% and 58.5% with the cellulose content of 33.3%, respectively. Moreover, the gas phase product analysis shows that the cellulose does not change the pyrolysis pathways of black powder, of which gas-phase products mainly include H₂O, CO₂ and NO₂. The cellulose only affects the energy release process of black powder, but has little effect on the energy release of black powder with different particle sizes, the difference between the energy release changes of these two composites is only 3.1%. It is found that the black powder with smaller particle size and its cellulose composite burns more violently, with larger flame area and higher combustion temperature. However, the cellulose has a negative effect on the combustion performance of black powder, mainly reducing the burning rate and flame radiation intensity of black powder, and decreasing the flame temperature by 273.7℃ and 299.4℃. In addition, the cellulose promotes the agglomeration of condensed phase products of black powder and reduces its combustion efficiency.

Key words: black powder, thermal interaction, decomposition product, burning rate, flame structure

CLC Number:

TJ55
V512

LI Yuxue, TIAN Xiaotao, MA Yifan, LIU Peijin, YAN Qilong. Thermal Interaction Mechanisms of Black Powders with Different Particle Sizes and Cellulose as Packing Material during Ignition[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(5): 1582-1592.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1 Formulations of the test samples

样本	质量比例				黑火药粉体体积平均粒径/μm
样本	C	S	KNO₃	XWS	黑火药粉体体积平均粒径/μm
HY-2	15	10	75		17.3
HY-5	15	10	75		12.4
HY-2/XWS	15	10	75	50	17.3
HY-5/XWS	15	10	75	50	12.4
HY-2/XWS	15	10	75	33.3	17.3
HY-5/XWS	15	10	75	33.3	12.4

Fig.1 SEM morphologies of rawmaterials and prepared composites

Fig.2 The DSC and TG/DTG curves of black powder and its cellulose composites(heating rate: 5℃/min)

Table 2 TG/DTG parameters of black powder and the corresponding composites at a heating rate of 5℃/min in Ar atmosphere

样本	TG参数				DTG参数
样本	T_i/℃	T_o/℃	T_e/℃	ML/%	T_p/℃	L_max/(%·℃^-1)
HY-2-1st	190.0	195.3	215.0	3.4	192.5	-0.18
HY-2-2nd	345.0	345.2	442.5	29.3	407.5	-0.50
HY-5-1st	167.5	170.4	195.0	3.3	180.0	-0.17
HY-5-2nd	340.0	373.9	450.0	24.6	390.0	-0.40
HY-2/XWS-1st	177.8	188.2	220.3	19.3	200.3	-0.70
HY-2/XWS-2nd	337.8	359.7	420.3	20.2	395.3	-0.30
HY-5/XWS-1st	177.5	189.4	216.3	19.6	190.0	-0.70
HY-5/XWS-2nd	335.0	344.9	417.5	18.5	382.5	-0.30

Table 3 DSC parameters of black powder and corresponding composites under Ar atmosphere

样本	放热峰		T_p1-T_i/℃	ΔH/ (J·g^-1)
样本	T_i/℃	T_p1/T_p2/℃	T_p1-T_i/℃	ΔH/ (J·g^-1)
HY-2	344.4	409.4/none	65.0	3108.0
HY-5	341.8	387.3/none	45.5	2569.0
HY-2/XWS	180.3	200.3/397.8	20.0	215.2/830.2
HY-5/XWS	181.3	198.8/391.3	17.5	274.7/719.8

Fig.3 Decomposition of infrared absorption spectra of gas phase products

Table 4 The heat of detonation of black powder and corresponding composites J/g

参数	样品
参数	HY-2	HY-5	HHY-2/XWS	HHY-5/XWS
爆热	2621.0	2615.1	2395.0	2335.4
归一化热	2621.0	2615.1	3592.4	3503.0

Fig.4 Igniting pyrotechnics and its cellulose composites stabilizing the combustion flame structure

Fig.5 The combustion process and combustion rate of black powder and its cellulose-based composites

Fig.6 Continuous flame images of black powder and its cellulose composites

Fig.7 Temperature change curves of flame landmarks over time

Fig.8 SEM images of combustion product of the condensed phase

Fig.9 XRD spectra of combustion products of black powder and its cellulose composites

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