Ballistic Characteristics of Quasi-elliptical Cross-section Projectile Penetrating into Finite-thick Concrete Target

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.1051

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the ballistic characteristics of a quasi-elliptical cross-section projectile penetrating into finite-thick concrete target,the tests are made on the normal and oblique penetrations of quasi-elliptical cross-section projectiles into the concrete targets with different thicknesses.The variation trends of the longitudinal acceleration and trajectory deflection angle of projectile during different penetrating stages are analyzed through the numerical simulation using the finite element method-smooth particle Galerkin (FEM-SPG) algorithm.The effects of impact velocity,target plate thickness,oblique angle,rolling angle and angle of attack on the trajectory deflection are discussed.The research results show that the trajectory deflects toward the flatter surface and the deflection mainly occurs in the tunnel stage and the plugging stage when a quasi-elliptical cross-section projectile penetrates into a target plate with finite thickness.As the thickness of the target plate increases,the trajectory deflection angle increases.The deflection caused at the cratering stage is only 1.4% of the final deflection angle in numerical simulation.There is a critical impact speed,which makes the deflection angle of the normal penetration trajectory decrease with the increase of the penetration speed above this target impact speed,while below this critical value,an inverse relationship is observed.Furthermore,the critical speed demonstrates non-monotonic dependence on target thickness,exhibiting an initial increase followed by progressive reduction until stabilization occurs.The trajectory changes from downward deflection to upward deflection with the increase in the angle of attack (-6°-6°) when the projectile penetrates into a target at the same oblique angle.The trajectory has excellent stability within the range of 0°-30° oblique angle at 2° angle of attack.The attitude stability of the projectile generally weakens first and then increases with the increase of the rolling angle on Oxz plane.When the rolling angle is less than 150°,the projectile shows a negative angle of attack after it ends interacting with the target.

Key words: quasi-elliptical cross-section projectile, oblique penetration, finite-thick concrete targets, ballistics

CLC Number:

O385

SHI Zhenqing, LIU Yan, WANG Xiaofeng, YAN Junbo, BAI Fan, SI Peng, HUANG Fenglei. Ballistic Characteristics of Quasi-elliptical Cross-section Projectile Penetrating into Finite-thick Concrete Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(9): 241051-.

Figures/Tables 32

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of scaling process for quasi-elliptical cross-section projectile nose

Fig.2 Projectile and sabot

Table 1 Geometric parameters of test projectile

κ	a/mm	b/mm	l/mm	L/mm	m/g
0.7	7.0	5.6	14.0	46.7	33

Fig.3 The target plate used in the test

Fig.4 Test layout

Fig.5 High-speed photographic images of projectile trajectory

Fig.6 Digital images of projectile trajectory

Fig.7 Schematic representation of impacting conditions of projectile

Table 2 Test conditions and results

实验	弹体质量损失率/%	靶板厚度/mm	时刻/ μs	v/ (m·s^-1)	β/ (°)	α/ (°)
1	2.22	90	0	1053	2.34	0.81
			346	812	4.41	4.95
			423	805	4.41	5.92
			500	802	4.41	6.88
2	2.50	90	0	1002	29.59	0.98
			346	729	27.66	-2.56
			423	726	27.66	-4.41
			500	724	27.66	-6.26
3	3.02	135	0	1006	0.79	0.73
			500	658	9.2	1.02
			616	658	9.2	1.21
			732	658	9.2	1.87
4	—	135	0	1004	14.46	1.31
			500	470	13.05	-5.39
			616	470	13.05	-6.87
			732	470	13.05	-8.35

Fig.8 The projectiles recovered in the tests

Fig.9 Numerical simulation model

Table 3 Material parameters of projectile

ρ/(g·cm^-3)	E/MPa	ν
7.8	211	0.33

Table 4 Material parameters of target

参数	数值	参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	2.203	λ₁	0	η₁	0
ν	0.19	λ₂	8.000×10^-6	η₂	0.85
ft/MPa	3.782	λ₃	2.400×10^-5	η₃	0.97
sLambda	100	λ₄	4.000×10^-5	η₄	0.99
a₀/MPa	1.318×10¹	λ₅	5.600×10^-5	η₅	1.00
a₁	4.463×10^-1	λ₆	7.200×10^-5	η₆	0.99
a₂/MPa^-1	1.812×10^-3	λ₇	8.800×10^-5	η₇	0.97
a_0y/MPa	9.955	λ₈	3.200×10^-4	η₈	0.50
a_1y	6.250×10^-1	λ₉	5.200×10^-4	η₉	0.10
a_2y/MPa^-1	5.774×10^-3	λ₁₀	5.700×10^-4	η₁₀	0
a_1f	4.41×10^-1	λ₁₁	1.000	η₁₁	0
a_2f/MPa^-1	2.652×10^-3	λ₁₂	1.000×10¹	η₁₂	0
omega	0.5	λ₁₃	1.000×10¹⁰	η₁₃	0
b₃	0.0	b₁	1.0	b₂	5.0
locwidth/cm	1.2	mxeps	0.1	fs	1.967

Fig.10 Experimental trajectory and numerical simulation trajectory of Test 3

Table 5 Comparison of test and simulated results

实验	剩余速度/(m·s^-1)			弹道偏转角/(°)
实验	实验值	数值模拟值	相对误差/%	实验值	数值模拟值	相对误差/%
1	802.3	773.9	-3.5	2.068	2.095	1.31
2	723.5	704.6	-2.6	1.930	1.754	-9.13
3	658.0	632.4	-3.9	9.987	10.330	3.44
4	470.3	462.4	-1.7	1.416	1.085	-23.42

Fig.11 Test 3 y-direction acceleration and deflection angle vs.time

Fig.12 Simulated result of penetration process of Test 3

Fig.13 Test 2 y-direction acceleration and deflection angle vs.time

Fig.14 Simulated results of penetration process of Test 2

Fig.15 Trajectory of normal penetration into 135.0mm targets with different velocities

Fig.16 Trajectory of normal penetration into 90.0mm targets with different velocities

Fig.17 The trajectory deflection angles of projectiles penetrating into the target plates with different thicknesses at different normal penetration velocities

Fig.18 The equivalent plastic strain contours within the 135mm- thick target plate during normal penetration by a projectile at typical impact velocities

Fig.19 Y-direction acceleration vs.time during normal penetration at typical impact velocities

Fig.20 The trajectory deflection angles of projectiles penetrating into the targets with different thicknesses under normal penetration at same impact velocity

Fig.21 Trajectories of different oblique angles at 0° angle of attack

Fig.22 Trajectories of different angles of attack at 0° oblique angle

Fig.23 Variation trend of trajectory deflection angle with projectile angle of attack

Fig.24 Variation trend of trajectory deflection angle with projectile oblique angle

Fig.25 Trajectories of projectile at different rolling angles

Fig.26 Change of projectile attitude angle at different rolling angles

Fig.27 Change of projectile angle of attack at different rolling angles

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