Energy Dissipation and Damage Assessment of Ceramic/fiber Ballistic Plate under Multi-impacts

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0807

Abstract

Abstract:

The ceramic/fiber composite ballistic plates are widely used in personal protection equipment. Studying the performance of ballistic plate subjected to multi-impacts is of great significance for reducing the number of casualties in the battlefield.This paper investigates the Al₂O₃/UHMWPE composite ballistic plate,focusing on numerical simulations conducted for various bullet impact points.The reliability of the simulated results is validated by comparing with the experimental results.The relationship between the energy absorption and damage characteristics of the ballistic plate is derived from the ceramic and fiber damage results,and the penetration probability of the next impact is effectively calculated.The results indicate that the damage patterns of ballistic plates are roughly the same and the impact resistance of ceramic layer at the joint decreases.when the impact point of the first bullet is located at the center of a ceramic plate,within the gap between two plates,or at the gap of quadrilateral jointing.Specifically,when the impact point of the first bullet is located at the center of ceramic plate,the subsequent bullets tend to penetrate through the gap between adjacent plates.As the proximity between successive impacts decreases,the energy absorption by the ceramic layer diminishes while the energy absorbed by the fiber layer increases.When two impact points are located parallelly and diagonally apart,the middle ceramic plate does not suffer macroscopic damage due to the joint structure.When the first impact point is in the center of the ceramic plate,the penetration probability of the second impact is 1.04%.When the first impact point is in the center of the ceramic plate,and the second impact point is in the horizontal adjacent center,the four corners of the gap,or the diagonal adjacent center,the penetration probability of the third impact on the ballistic plate is 5.45%,7.35%,and 5.05%,respectively.This method can be used to quickly evaluate the resistance of damaged equipment to multiple penetrations.

Key words: ceramic/fiber ballistic plate, impact point, multi-impacts, energy dissipation, damage assessment

CLC Number:

TJ04
TJ410

HUO Ziyi, HE Chenglong, JIA Song, YANG Kexu, MAO Xiang, HUANG Zhixin, PU Yanrong. Energy Dissipation and Damage Assessment of Ceramic/fiber Ballistic Plate under Multi-impacts[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(9): 240807-.

Figures/Tables 29

Fig.1 Mosaic ballistic plate structure

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of experimental layout

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the locations of impact points

Fig.4 Target plate damage morphology

Table 1 Experimental results of ballistic plates

序号	实验工况	速度/(m·s^-1)	防弹板被侵彻深度/mm
1	单发子弹	806.5	20.0
2	单发子弹	807.5	20.1
3	第1发子弹	806.2	20.2
3	第2发子弹	802.0	21.1
4	第1发子弹	803.0	20.0
4	第2发子弹	807.5	21.0
5	第1发子弹	805.3	20.5
5	第2发子弹	805.1	21.5

Fig.5 Effect of the size of the mesh on calculation time and deviation

Fig.6 Finite element model and meshing

Table 2 Al2O3 ceramic material parameters [23]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	3.8	T/MPa	262
G/GPa	263	p_HEL/MPa	1460
A	0.93	D₁	0.05
B	0.31	D₂	1
C	0.007	K₁/GPa	193
M	0.6	K₂/GPa	424
N₁	0.64	K₃/GPa	436

Table 3 Material parameters for type 7.62mm bullet [24]

材料	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	E/GPa	G/GPa	ν	A₁/MPa	B₁/MPa	n	C₁	$ε · 0$ /s^-1
子弹钢芯	7850	206	80	0.3	1900	1100	0.065	0.05	1×10^-4
子弹铜皮	8960	124	46	0.34	90	292	0.31	0.025	1
材料	T_r/K	T_m/K	m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
子弹钢芯	300	1800	1	0.2
子弹铜皮	300	1356	1.09	0.54	4.89	-3.03	0.014	1.12

Table 3 Material parameters for type 7.62mm bullet [24]

材料	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	E/GPa	G/GPa	ν	A₁/MPa	B₁/MPa	n	C₁	$ε · 0$ /s^-1
子弹钢芯	7850	206	80	0.3	1900	1100	0.065	0.05	1×10^-4
子弹铜皮	8960	124	46	0.34	90	292	0.31	0.025	1
材料	T_r/K	T_m/K	m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
子弹钢芯	300	1800	1	0.2
子弹铜皮	300	1356	1.09	0.54	4.89	-3.03	0.014	1.12

Table 4 Material parameters of UHMWPE fiber laminates [25]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(kg·m^-3)	960	G₂₃/GPa	3.6
E₁/GPa	153	X_t/MPa	2537
E₂/GPa	153	X_c/MPa	1580
E₃/GPa	113	Y_t/MPa	2537
ν₁₂	0.3	Y_c/MPa	1580
ν₁₃	0.3	Z_t/MPa	340
ν₂₃	0.4	Z_c/MPa	180
G₁₂/GPa	6	S_C/MPa	130
G₁₃/GPa	6	S_T/MPa	130

Table 5 Material parameters of Cohesive elements[26]

参数	数值
K/(MPa·mm^-1)	10⁶
N_n/MPa	30
S_s/MPa	80
T_t/MPa	80
G_I/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.31
G_II/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.63
G_III/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.63

Fig.7 Mises stress propagation contour of a bullet impacting a target plate

Fig.8 Energy-time curve of a bullet impacting the target

Fig.9 Ceramic fragmentation morphology of single-impact target plate

Fig.10 Comparison of experimental and numerically simulated results of a single bullet impacting the target plate

Fig.11 The ceramic fragmentation forms of target plate impacted by the two bullets being parallel to each other

Fig.12 The ceramic fragmentation forms of target plate impacted by two bullets being diagonally apart

Fig.13 Numerically simulated results of two bullets impacting the target plate

Fig.14 Energy-time curves of the second and third bullets penetrating the ballistic plate

Fig.15 Internal failure patterns of ballistic plate under two impacts

Table 6 Comparison of experimental and numerically simulated results

弹着点位置	弹着点序号	陶瓷锥截面面积/mm²			侵彻深度/mm			弹坑直径/mm
弹着点位置	弹着点序号	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%
两发位于相同列	1	343	324	5.54	11.0	10.4	5.45	22.4	22.0	1.79
两发位于相同列	2	345	325	5.80	11.1	10.8	2.70	23.0	22.0	4.35
两发位于相邻列	1	340	326	4.12	11.0	10.7	2.73	22.5	21.7	3.56
两发位于相邻列	2	346	327	5.49	11.3	10.7	5.30	22.6	22.0	2.65

Fig.16 Schematic diagram of the position of impact point

Fig.17 Simulated results of a single bullet impacting the ballistic plate at different positions

Fig.18 Simulated results of two bullets impacting the ballistic plate at different positions

Fig.19 Definition of material damage of Al2O3/UHMWPE plate

Fig.20 Relationship between the kinetic energy of ballostic plate and the material relative crushing depth during penetration process

Fig.21 Projection damage distribution of Al2O3/UHMWPE plates

Table 7 Probability of the second bullet penetrating into the Al2O3/UHMWPE plate %

参数	数值
击中损伤区域概率	4.55
损伤区域内穿透概率	22.78
整体穿板概率	1.04

Table 8 Probability of the third bullet penetrating into the Al2O3/UHMWPE plate %

参数	第3发弹着点位置
参数	O₁	O₂	O₃	O₄
击中损伤区域概率		9.35	11.88	8.70
穿透损伤区域概率		58.29	61.89	58.04
整体穿板概率	100	5.45	7.35	5.05

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