Progress in the Research of Gas-solid Powder Detonation and Its Propulsion Applications

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0675

Abstract

Abstract:

Powdered fuel has broad application prospect prospects as fuels or additives in detonation propulsion systems due to their high energy density and excellent stability. Based on the classification of fuel types for gas-solid two-phase detonation and the application of powder detonation propulsion technology, the theoretical research progress on the detonation initiation and propagation characteristics of powdered fuel in oxidizer gas and gas fuel/oxidizer gas at domentically and internationally is reviewed. The theoretical and engineering aspects of heterogeneous detonation and hybrid detonation are summarized, highlighting the key factors affecting the initiation and propagation characteristics of gas-solid two-phase detonations, as well as important conclusions. Furthermore, the two-phase detonation engines are reviewed from the perspectives of application prospects, propulsion performance, difficulties and challenges, etc. Based on the summary of the numerical and experimental research status of powder detonation engines, the future research work that needs to be carried out is prospected.

Key words: powdered fuel, detonation engine, heterogeneous detonation, hybrid detonation, detonation initiation and propagation characteristics

CLC Number:

V435

YANG Qianshu, XU Han, NI Xiaodong, XIONG Kai, GUO Jiamin, WENG Chunsheng. Progress in the Research of Gas-solid Powder Detonation and Its Propulsion Applications[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 2951-2972.

Figures/Tables 27

Fig.1 Dependence of the initiation energy of air-suspension of Al-particles on the particles concentration[21]

Fig.2 Experimental setup for the unconfined hemispherical detonations in solid particle/oxygen mixtures[24]

Fig.3 The relationship between particle mass concentration and the calculated value of critical initiation energy[26]

Table 1 Estimates of critical initiation energy for direct detonation

作者	材料	当量比	质量浓度/ (kg·m^-3)	D_C-J/ (m·s^-1)	d_min/m	λ/m	临界起爆能量估计E_cr/MJ
Zhang等^[44]	0.1μm球状铝粉/空气(初始压力1.5atm)	1.30	0.60	1800	0.08	0.25	2.6
Zhang等^[44]	2μm球状铝粉/空气(初始压力2.5atm)	1.60	1.25	1 750		0.62(测得)	75.7
Borisov等^[21]	1μm片状铝粉/空气	1.30	0.40	1900	0.12	0.38	6.6
Zhang等^[31]	1μm片状铝粉/空气	1.61	0.50	1850		0.44(测得)	7.6
Zhang等^[30]	片状铝粉/空气	0.90	0.29	1610	无约束空间	0.60(测得)	13.5/44.0(测得)
Zhang等^[30]	2~3μm球状铝粉/空气	2.16	0.67	1700	无约束空间	0.60(测得)	34.7
Ingignoli等^[29]	1μm片状铝粉/氧气	1.00	1.50	1600	无约束空间	0.10(测得)	0.32/0.68(测得)
Veyssiere等^[25]	1μm片状铝粉/氧气	1.00	1.50	1600	无约束空间	0.10(测得)	0.32/0.69(测得)

Fig.4 Hybrid detonation impulse versus total fuel mass[35]

Fig.5 Dependence of initiation charge mass for second shock formation on aluminum particle diameter[32]

Fig.6 Transition to detonation in a 10μm cornstarch/air mixture[31]

Fig.7 Transition to detonation in a 22μm×6μm×6μm anthraquinone/air mixture[31]

Fig.8 Wave front velocities versus propagation distance with different initiation energies[41]

Fig.9 Wave front velocities versus propagation distance with different initiation energiesand different initiation methods[16]

Fig.10 Detonation limits of mixtures of oats dust and methane/air[45]

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of a DDT scenario in an end multiphase slug[39]

Fig.12 Schematic diagram of the one-dimensional structure of two-phase detonation wave[12]

Fig.13 Effect of the mass fraction ratio on the detonation-wave structure[53]

Fig.14 Schematic diagram of the hybrid detonation structure[62]

Fig.15 Type-Ⅰ weak hybrid detonation in a mixture of ethylenelair with equivalent ratio of 0.8 and 10μm atomized aluminum particles[50]

Fig.17 Photograph of aluminum/oxygen cloud detonation cell recorded on a soot plate[29]

Fig.18 Cellular detonation in 6cm and 12cm width channels with transverse concentration gradients(the mass concentration of particles decreases linearly from the lower wall to the upper wall)[77]

Fig.19 Relationship between the detonation cell width ratio λ/λ0 and the wave front velocity ratio D/D0 of the hydrogen/air/aluminum particle mixture[67]

Fig.20 Pressure distribution profiles along the detonation tube axis for mixtures at different mass ratios[85]

Fig.21 Variations of the detonation propagation velocity with the particle mass loading ratio[87]

Fig.22 Schematic diagram of aluminum powder fuel PDE[98]

Fig.23 Illustration diagram of the rotating detonation combustor(front view) [109]

Table 2 Experimental conditions and results of powdered fuel RDE

文献来源	燃料	粒径	爆速/(m·s^-1)
文献[105]	24.7%挥发分、14.2%灰分、56%碳的煤粉/氢气/空气	1~7μm	1100~1860
文献[110]	99%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	19~39nm	1200~1700
文献[111]	99%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	19~39nm	1300~1600
文献[109]	95.53%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	20nm	1000~1400
文献[115]	95.58%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	20nm~20μm	1500~1700
文献[116]	铝粉/空气	0.5μm	1720
文献[114]	糖粉、花生粉、玉米淀粉和碳粉	29nm~25μm	1466~1575

Fig.24 Contours of the local equivalence ratio for global equivalence ratio φ=0.5[118]

Fig.25 Particle density contours at moment t=1719μs and t=1723μs for equivalent ratio of 0.7[118]

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