不同入水攻角下高速射弹的流固耦合特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高速入水时弹体结构响应(变形)大小关系射弹能否安全入水。当前,基于刚体模型的高速入水数值计算方法无法深入揭示初始扰动影响下射弹入水过程中复杂多相流、水动力与弹体结构响应等之间的相互耦合作用规律。为解决上述难题,基于流体力学和结构动力学,建立一种高速入水流固耦合数值计算方法,重点研究攻角对某型射弹高速入水过程的影响,分析攻角影响下空泡演化、冲击载荷、弹体运动与结构变形的相互耦合作用机理。研究结果表明:随攻角增大,弹体下表面与空泡壁面逐渐产生强烈撞击,迫使空泡壁面弯曲;对该型射弹,当攻角>3°时,射弹会因尾翼拍击液面出现第2次载荷峰值,此时射弹因沾湿产生弯矩,迫使射弹出现塑性应变,随入水深度增加,射弹形成明显的尾翼弯折,因沾湿产生的表面压力最大值超过10MPa;攻角为2°时,射弹虽因弹头尾翼同时受力产生弯矩,但内部应力未超过弹体材料的屈服强度,未出现塑性变形,因此,对该型射弹,其安全入水攻角≤2°。

关键词: 流固耦合, 高速斜入水, 攻角, 超空泡, 结构变形, 冲击载荷

Abstract:

The magnitude of structural response (deformation) of a projectile during high-speed water entry plays a crucial role in determining the projectile’s safe entry into the water. At present, the numerical computational methods based on rigid-body models fail to fully elucidate the intricate coupled interactions among multiphase flow, hydrodynamics and projectile structural responses during the water entry process under the influence of the initial disturbances. To address this challenge, a fluid-structure interaction numerical computational method for high-speed water entry is developed based on the principles of fluid mechanics and structural dynamics. This method is specifically tailored to investigate the influence of the angle of attack on the high-speed water entry process of a specific projectile, focusing on analyzing the interaction among supercavity evolution, impact loads, projectile motion and structural deformations under varying angles of attack. The research findings revealed the following key insights: As the angle of attack increases, a pronounced impact occurs between the lower surface of projectile and the supercavity wall, resulting in the curvature of supercavity wall; For the specific projectile considered in the study, a secondary peak load occurs as the projectile tail strikes the liquid surface at an angle of attack of more than 3°, inducing the bending moments from wetting and the plastic deformation of projectile, ultimately leading to significant bending of the tail, with maximum wetting-induced surface pressure exceeding 10MPa; The stress of the projectile remains below the yield strength of its material although the projectile undergoes the bending moments as a result of the concurrent loading on both the projectile head and tail at an angle of attack of 2°, thereby precluding plastic deformation. Consequently, for the specific projectile, an angle of attack of 2° or less is recommended for safe water entry.

Key words: fluid-structure interaction, high-speed oblique water entry, angle of attack, supercavity, structural deformation, impact load

中图分类号:

刘想炎, 于楠, 黄振贵, 陈志华, 马长胜, 邱荣贤. 不同入水攻角下高速射弹的流固耦合特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(10): 3415-3429.

LIU Xiangyan, YU Nan, HUANG Zhengui, CHEN Zhihua, MA Changsheng, QIU Rongxian. Characteristics of Fluid-structure Interaction of High-speed Projectile at Different Angles of Attack during Water Entry[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(10): 3415-3429.

图/表 29

图1 流固耦合计算流程

Fig.1 Flowchart of fluid-structure interaction calculation

图2 柔性板振荡变形对比

Fig.2 Comparison of oscillation and deformation of flexible plate

图3 文献[33]试验与数值计算空泡对比

Fig.3 Comparison of experimental supercavities in Ref.[33] and numerically calculated supercavities

图4 文献[33]与数值计算入水轨迹对比

Fig.4 Comparison of experimental water entry trajectory in Ref.[33] and numerically calculated water entry trajectory

图5 射弹模型尺寸

Fig.5 Size of projectile model

表1 45号钢材料属性[27]

Table 1 Material properties of 45 steel[27]

密度/(kg·m^-3)	杨氏模量/GPa	泊松比
7850	210	0.29

表2 45号钢Johnson-Cook参数[27]

Table 2 Johnson-Cook parameters of 45 steel[27]

A/MPa	B/MPa	C	n	m	T_m/K	T_t/K
595	580	0.023	0.133	2.03	1765.15	298.15

图6 计算域示意图

Fig.6 Computational domain

图7 弹体表面最大 y m a x +随时间变化

Fig.7 Max value of y m a x + on the surface of projectile

图8 t=0.3ms时弹体表面y+数值分布

Fig.8 The value of y+ on the surface of projectile for t=0.3ms

图9 流场求解网格划分

Fig.9 Mesh division of fluid solver

图10 弹体网格划分

Fig.10 Projectile mesh division

表3 网格无关性对比表

Table 3 Mesh irrelevance comparison table

网格	流场网格数/10⁴	弹体网格数/10⁴
1	499.01	4.41
2	698.57	8.28
3	900.04	11.35

图11 不同网格计算结果对比

Fig.11 Comparison of calculated results from different meshes

图12 空泡形态变化

Fig.12 Morphological evolution of supercavity

图13 弹体下表面沾湿变化

Fig.13 Wetting of the lower surface of projectile

图14 弹体下表面压力变化

Fig.14 Pressure of the lower surface of projectile

图15 空化器中心点速度变化

Fig.15 Velocity change of central point of caviter

图16 射弹运动姿态变化

Fig.16 Change of projectile attitude

图17 入水总载荷变化

Fig.17 Change of total load during water entry

图18 射弹入水过程弹体沾湿与弹体下表面压力分布云图

Fig.18 Wetting and pressure distribution on the lower surface of projectile before and after water entry

图19 α为3°、4°、5°时入水载荷第2峰值前后弹体沾湿与弹体下表面压力分布

Fig.19 Wetting and pressure distribution before and after the second peak of load for α=3°, 4°, 5°

图20 α为0°、1°、2°时入水1.2ms弹身表面与纵向截面应力分布

Fig.20 Stress distribution on the surface and longitudinal section of projectile at 1.2ms for α=0°, 1°, 2°

图21 α=2°时入水1.2ms射弹受力示意图与弹体应力分布

Fig.21 Schematic diagram of force on the projectile and the stress distribution of projectile at 1.2ms for α=2°

图22 α为3°、4°、5°时入水1.2ms弹身表面与纵向截面应力分布

Fig.22 Stress distribution on the surface and longitudinal section of projectile at 1.2ms for α=3°, 4°, 5°

图23 α为3°、4°、5°时入水1.2ms弹身表面与纵向截面等效塑性应变分布

Fig.23 Equivalent plastic strain of the surface and longitudinal section of the projectile at 1.2ms under α=3°, 4°, 5°

图24 塑性应变数据监测点位置示意图

Fig.24 Location of data monitoring point of projectile

图25 α为3°、4°、5°时入水总载荷与监测点等效塑性应变对应图

Fig.25 Correspondence between the total load and the equivalent plastic strain at the monitoring point for α=3°, 4°,5°

表4 α为4°、5°时监测点塑性应变各阶段起始时间与射弹运动特征点时间对比

Table 4 Comparison of the onset time of each stage of plastic strain at the monitoring point and the time of the characteristic point of projectile movement for α=4°, 5° ms

典型阶段	α/(°)
典型阶段	4	5
增长段1起始时刻	0.80	0.70
转速激增时刻(ω_r=311.05rad/s)	0.80	0.72
渐缓段起始时刻(增长段1结束时刻)	0.96	0.84
射弹转平时刻	1.06	0.96
增长段2起始时刻(渐缓段结束时刻)	1.14	1.00

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