无人机末端机动规避中远距空空导弹策略

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0972

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对在超视距空战中,战斗机难以规避中远距空空导弹的问题,根据加装侧向助推火箭的无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)的特点,给出了拥有短时间内大过载侧向机动能力的UAV末端机动规避中远距空空导弹的可行策略。建立了UAV与中远距空空导弹的模型,研究了UAV在中远距空空导弹攻击末端时,侧向过载启动时间、侧向过载大小、侧向过载方向对导弹脱靶量的影响。仿真实验结果表明,UAV应在侧向过载可持续时间内使用最大可用侧向过载规避中远距空空导弹。当导弹迎头来袭时,应采取爬升方式规避导弹;当导弹前侧向来袭时,应采取同侧向爬升和俯冲方式规避导弹。

关键词: 无人机, 中远距空空导弹, 制导末端, 机动规避, 侧向过载

Abstract:

To address the issue of evading a medium-long range air-to-air missile in beyond visual range (BVR) air combat,a feasible maneuver strategy for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) possessing the capability of high overload lateral maneuver within a short period of time to evade the medium-long range air-to-air missile in terminal guidance is proposed based on the characteristics of UAV equipped with lateral rocket boosters.A model of UAV and medium-long range air-to-air missile is established.The influences of lateral overload activation time,lateral overload size and lateral overload direction on the miss distance of a missile are investigated.The experimental results show that the UAV utilizes the maximum available lateral overload within the sustainable time to evade the air-to-air missiles.When a missile is approaching head-on,UAV climbs to evade it,while the same direction climbing and diving maneuvers are used to against the missile approaching from the front.

Key words: unmanned aerial vehicle, medium-long range air-to-air missile, terminal guidance, evasive maneuver, lateral overload

张沛, 张安, 毕文豪, 毛泽铭. 无人机末端机动规避中远距空空导弹策略[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(9): 240972-.

ZHANG Pei, ZHANG An, BI Wenhao, MAO Zeming. A Maneuver Strategy of UAV to Evade a Medium-long Range Air-to-air Missile in Terminal Guidance[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(9): 240972-.

图/表 23

图1 中远距空空导弹主要制导阶段示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the main guidance phases of medium-long range air-to-air missile

图2 无人机-中远距空空导弹相对运动关系

Fig.2 Relative motion relationship of UAV and missile

图3 机弹末端运动轨迹示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the trajectories of UAV and missile in the end of guidance

图4 导弹正迎头来袭情况下机弹的相对态势

Fig.4 Relative situation of UAV and missile in the event of head-on attack

表1 侧向过载方向仿真初始态势

Table 1 Initial situation of simulation experiments in lateral overload direction

序号	机弹初始距离/ m	机弹初始方位角/(°)	导弹初始高度/ m	导弹初始马赫数	无人机初始高度/m	无人机初始马赫数
1	100000	0	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
2	95000	45	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
3	110000	315	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
4	105000	75	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
5	100000	285	11000	1.5	7000	0.85

图5 第1组仿真实验导弹迎头来袭态势下无人机侧向过载方向对导弹脱靶量的影响

Fig.5 Effect of UAV lateral overload direction on missile’s miss distance under the head-on situation of simulation experiment 1

图6 第1组仿真实验导弹迎头来袭态势下无人机爬升/俯冲规避的末端机弹轨迹

Fig.6 Trajectory of UAV’s climbing/diving maneuver under the head-on situation of simulation experiment 1

图7 第1组仿真实验导弹迎头来袭态势下无人机爬升/俯冲规避对应的导弹过载

Fig.7 Missile’s overload corresponding to UAV climbing/diving maneuvere under the head-on situation of simulation experiment 1

图8 导弹前侧向来袭态势下无人机侧向过载方向对导弹脱靶量的影响

Fig.8 Effect of UAV lateral overload direction on missile’s miss distance under forward lateral situation

图9 第2组仿真实验导弹前侧向来袭态势下无人机爬升/反侧俯冲的末端机弹轨迹

Fig.9 Trajectory of UAV’s climbing/reverse side diving maneuver under the forward lateral situation of simulation experiment 2

图10 第2组仿真实验导弹前侧向来袭态势下无人机爬升/同侧俯冲规避对应的导弹过载

Fig.10 Missile’s overload corresponding to UAV climbing/forward side maneuvering under the forward lateral situation of simulation experiment 2

图11 第2组仿真实验导弹前侧向来袭态势下无人机反侧俯冲规避对应的导弹过载(侧向过载方向为200°)

Fig.11 Missile’s overload corresponding to UAV reverse side maneuvering under the forward lateral situation of simulation experiment 2 (lateral overload direction of 200°)

图12 导弹侧向来袭态势下无人机侧向过载方向对导弹脱靶量的影响

Fig.12 Effect of UAV lateral overload direction on missile’s miss distance under lateral situation

图13 第4组仿真实验导弹侧向来袭态势下无人机爬升/同侧俯冲的末端机弹轨迹

Fig.13 Trajectory of UAV’s climbing/forward side diving maneuver under the lateral situation of simulation experiment 4

图14 第4组仿真实验导弹侧向来袭态势下无人机爬升/同侧俯冲规避对应的导弹过载

Fig.14 Missile’s overload corresponding to UAV climbing/forward side maneuvering under the lateral situation of simulation experiment 4

图15 第4组仿真实验导弹侧向来袭态势下无人机水平机动/反侧俯冲规避对应的导弹过载

Fig.15 Missile’s overload corresponding to UAV horizontal/reverse side maneuvering in the lateral situation of simulation experiment 4

表2 侧向过载启动时间仿真初始态势

Table 2 Initial situation of simulation experiments in lateral overload activation time

序号	机弹初始距离/m	机弹初始方位角/ (°)	导弹初始高度/m	导弹初始马赫数	无人机初始高度/m	无人机初始马赫数
1	100000	0	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
2	95000	45	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
3	110000	315	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
4	105000	75	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
5	100000	285	11000	1.5	7000	0.85

图16 不同初始态势下无人机侧向过载启动时间对导弹脱靶量的影响

Fig.16 Effect of lateral overload activation time on missile’s miss distance under different initial situations

表3 侧向过载仿真初始态势

Table 3 Initial situation of simulation experiments

序号	机弹初始距离/m	机弹初始方位角/ (°)	导弹初始高度/m	导弹初始马赫数	无人机初始高度/m	无人机初始马赫数
1	100000	0	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
2	95000	45	11000	1.5	7000	0.85
3	105000	75	11000	1.5	7000	0.85

图17 不同初始态势下无人机侧向过载对导弹脱靶量的影响

Fig.17 Effect of lateral overload size on missile’s miss distance under different initial situations

图18 机弹对抗仿真平台

Fig.18 UAV-missile countermeasure simulation platform

图19 仿真平台架构

Fig.19 The framework of simulation platform

表4 不同机弹态势下规避结果统计

Table 4 Avoidance results under different situations

机弹态势	仿真次数	末端机动成功率/%	桶滚机动成功率/%	盘旋机动成功率/%	筋斗机动成功率/%
迎头	500	92.4	83.9	80.6	84.2
前侧向	500	87.6	85.0	79.2	71.5
侧向	500	91.4	88.1	78.4	86.2

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