水陆两栖车辆水上航行研究综述

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0156

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

两栖车辆是一种能够在水陆两种环境中行驶的机动平台,在军事和民用领域都具有重要的应用价值和发展潜力。回顾了水陆两栖车辆的发展历程,对比分析了不同类型的两栖车辆的特点和发展趋势,从建模与仿真、高速两栖车辆设计、航行控制3个方面阐述了两栖车辆水上航行研究中的关键技术,结合水上无人技术的研究进展,探讨了两栖车辆实现水上航行无人化的难点和挑战,并对两栖车辆的未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 水陆两栖车辆, 航行快速性, 航行控制, 数值计算, 无人两栖车辆

Abstract:

Amphibious vehicle is a mobile platform capable of operating in both terrestrial and aquatic environments,and has significant application value and development potential in both military and civilian fields.The development history of amphibious vehicles is reviewed,and the characteristics and development trends of different types of amphibious vehicles are compared and analyzed.The key technologies for the navigation of amphibious vehicles on water are expounded from three aspects:modeling and simulation,high-speed amphibious vehicle design,and navigation control.The difficulties and challenges in achieving the unmanned operation of amphibious vehicles on water are discussed based on the research progress of unmanned technology for amphibious vehicles,and the future research direction of amphibious vehicles is prospected.

Key words: amphibious vehicle, navigation performance, navigation control, numerical simulation, unmanned amphibious vehicle

中图分类号:

U469.6⁺93

王野, 陈慧岩, 席军强, 于会龙. 水陆两栖车辆水上航行研究综述[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(7): 240156-.

WANG Ye, CHEN Huiyan, XI Junqiang, YU Huilong. An Overview of Research on Navigation of Amphibious Vehicle on Water[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(7): 240156-.

图/表 10

参考文献 197

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类型	优势	不足	应用范围
轮式两栖车辆	1)结构简单,技术成熟; 2)陆上行驶速度快	1)荷载较低,载员较少; 2)结构冗余,通过性较差	低洼浅滩等涉水条件较好环境
履带两栖车辆	1)高通过性,装甲防护; 2)负载较大	1)陆上及水上行驶速度较慢; 2)不易通过狭窄地形	险恶地形,战场环境
仿生两栖车辆	1)关节灵活,环境适应能力强; 2)具备多种行为模式	1)机构繁多、制造困难; 2)控制复杂、运动缓慢	复杂涉水地形地貌,礁石滩涂
两栖气垫船	1)高机动性; 2)大负载	1)对地形平整有较大要求; 2)防护能力较弱	草地、滩涂、沼泽、冰面等平整路面

类型	优势	不足	应用范围
轮式两栖车辆	1)结构简单,技术成熟; 2)陆上行驶速度快	1)荷载较低,载员较少; 2)结构冗余,通过性较差	低洼浅滩等涉水条件较好环境
履带两栖车辆	1)高通过性,装甲防护; 2)负载较大	1)陆上及水上行驶速度较慢; 2)不易通过狭窄地形	险恶地形,战场环境
仿生两栖车辆	1)关节灵活,环境适应能力强; 2)具备多种行为模式	1)机构繁多、制造困难; 2)控制复杂、运动缓慢	复杂涉水地形地貌,礁石滩涂
两栖气垫船	1)高机动性; 2)大负载	1)对地形平整有较大要求; 2)防护能力较弱	草地、滩涂、沼泽、冰面等平整路面

型号	研制国家	研制年代	推进方式	航速/(km·h^-1)
GPA	美国	1941	螺旋桨	8
DUWK	美国	1942	螺旋桨	10.1
GAZ46	前苏联	1952	螺旋桨	9
Alvis Stalwart	英国	1962	喷水推进	9
63式	中国	1963	喷水推进	11~12
PT-76	前苏联	1966	喷水推进	10.2
Ckopnuoh	英国	1972	喷水推进	6.5
LAV-25	美国	1982	喷水推进	10.46
AAV7A1	美国	1985	喷水推进	13.2
BMP-3	前苏联	1990	喷水推进	10
BTR-90	前苏联	1994	喷水推进	9
BJ5022	中国	2005	螺旋桨	12

型号	研制国家	研制年代	推进方式	航速/(km·h^-1)
GPA	美国	1941	螺旋桨	8
DUWK	美国	1942	螺旋桨	10.1
GAZ46	前苏联	1952	螺旋桨	9
Alvis Stalwart	英国	1962	喷水推进	9
63式	中国	1963	喷水推进	11~12
PT-76	前苏联	1966	喷水推进	10.2
Ckopnuoh	英国	1972	喷水推进	6.5
LAV-25	美国	1982	喷水推进	10.46
AAV7A1	美国	1985	喷水推进	13.2
BMP-3	前苏联	1990	喷水推进	10
BTR-90	前苏联	1994	喷水推进	9
BJ5022	中国	2005	螺旋桨	12

型号	研制国家	航速/(km·h^-1)	航行方式	推进方式
Aquada	英国	48	滑水	喷水推进
Humdinga	英国	64	滑水	喷水推进
Quadski	英国	72	滑水	喷水推进
Watercar	美国	72	滑水	喷水推进
HydroCar	美国	80	滑水	喷水推进
Splash	美国	80	水翼	螺旋桨