速度对射弹垂直破冰入水空泡流动特性的影响

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0420

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究冰层对高速射弹入水过程的影响机理对发展适用于冰区海域的先进跨介质武器具有重要指导意义。基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(Coupled Euler-Lagrange, CEL)方法对圆柱射弹以不同初速度垂直高速破冰入水过程进行研究。研究结果表明:射弹初速度较低时(50m/s),撞击所形成的冰孔尺寸较小,严重阻碍了外界气体涌入,空泡扩张发展受阻,导致提前发生颈缩,且不再出现无冰时的表面闭合现象,空泡更快发生深闭合;射弹初速较高时(≥100m/s),撞击所形成的冰孔尺寸较大,外界空气能够持续涌入,延迟空泡闭合,冰层与无冰的空泡尺度差异随初速增加而减小;随着入水速度增加,碎冰对气流干扰程度加剧,增强了空泡内部流场的非线性和湍流特性;射弹在无冰环境入水受力峰值为同速度下破冰入水(冰厚为二分之一射弹直径)的70%。当速度达到 150m/s 时,破冰入水过程中的弹体头部会发生微弱塑性应变,在设计新型冰区跨介质武器时,应着重提高射弹头部结构强度。

关键词: 高速入水, 空泡演化, 结构响应, 冰层, 裂纹扩展

Abstract:

Exploring the influence mechanism of ice sheet on the water-entry process of a high-speed projectile is of great significance for the development of advanced trans-media weapons suitable for ice-water areas. The processes of vertical ice-breaking water-entry of a high-speed cylindrical projectile at different initial velocities are studied based on the coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method. The findings indicate that, when the initial velocity of projectile is relatively low (50m/s), the size of ice hole formed by impact is relatively small to severely hinder the influx of external gas, and the expansion and development of cavity are obstructed, leading to the premature neckingand early closure of cavity. Besides, there is no longer a surface closure phenomenon as no ice, and the deep closure of cavity occurs faster. When the velocity of projectile is higher (≥100 m/s), the size of ice hole formed by impact is larger, allowing a continuous influx of external air and delaying the closure of cavity. The difference in scale between the ice sheet and the ice-free cavity decreases with the increase in initial velocity. Additionally, as the initial velocity of projectile increases, the interference of crushed ice on the airflow intensifies, thus enhancing the nonlinear and turbulent characteristics of flow field within the cavity. It is worth noting that the peak force of projectile entering water in an ice-free environment is 70% of that of ice-breaking water-entry (the ice thickness is half of the diameter of projectile) at the same speed. At a speed of 150m/s, a weak plastic strain occurs at the projectile head during the ice-breaking water-entry process, which should be emphasized to improve the structural strength of projectile head when designing new types of trans-media weapons used in ice-water areas.

Key words: high-speed water-entry, cavity evolution, structural response, ice sheet, crack propagation

中图分类号:

O352
TJ012.3

黄振贵, 王浩, 蔡晓伟, 刘想炎, 陈志华, 秦健, 郝戌龙. 速度对射弹垂直破冰入水空泡流动特性的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(10): 3371-3384.

HUANG Zhengui, WANG Hao, CAI Xiaowei, LIU Xiangyan, CHEN Zhihua, QIN Jian, HAO Xulong. Influence of Velocity on the Cavity Flow Characteristics of Vertical Ice-breaking Water Entry of a Projectile[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(10): 3371-3384.

图/表 23

表1 冰材料属性[28]

Table 1 Ice material properties[28]

密度/ (kg·m^-3)	杨氏模量/GPa	屈服应力/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	泊松比
900	9.38	5.2	0.58	0.33

表2 45号钢材料属性及Johnson-Cook模型参数[29]

Table 2 Material properties of 45 steel and Johnson-Cook model parameters[29]

密度/(kg·m^-3)	杨氏模量/GPa	泊松比	A	B	C	n	m	T_m/K	T_t/K
7850	210	0.29	595	580	0.023	0.133	2.03	1765	298

图1 计算模型

Fig.1 Calculation model

图2 网格划分结果

Fig.2 Meshing results

图3 空泡形态对比

Fig.3 Comparison of cavity evolutions

图4 不同时刻位移变化

Fig.4 Displacements of projectile at different times

图5 冰层破裂效果对比

Fig.5 Comparison of ice breakup effects

图6 冰载荷时域曲线

Fig.6 Time-domain curve of ice load

图7 裂纹演变效果对比

Fig.7 Comparison of cracks evolutions

图8 刚性板所受载荷时域曲线

Fig.8 Time-domain curve of load of rigid plate

图9 不同网格数量的弹体竖直方向速度

Fig.9 Velocity of projectile in vertical direction with different number of meshes

图10 空泡演变(50m/s)

Fig.10 Evolution of cavity (50m/s)

图11 空泡演变(100m/s)

Fig.11 Evolution of cavity (100m/s)

图12 空泡演变(150m/s)

Fig.12 Evolution of cavity (150m/s)

图13 入水初期空泡流动特性

Fig.13 Flow characteristics of cavity in the initial stage of water entry

表3 冰层失效破坏及裂纹扩展

Table 3 Ice failure damage and crack extension

图14 不同水深空泡直径变化规律

Fig.14 The variation law of cavity diameter in different water depths

图15 不同工况空泡闭合时间

Fig.15 The surface closure time of cavity in different cases

图16 速度流场分布(50m/s)

Fig.16 Velocity flow field distribution (50m/s)

图17 速度流场分布(100m/s)

Fig.17 Velocity flow field distribution (100m/s)

图18 速度流场分布(150m/s)

Fig.18 Velocity flow field distribution (150m/s)

图19 弹体表面结构响应(0.2ms)

Fig.19 Response of surface structure of projectile (0.2ms)

图20 弹体竖直方向加速度及速度变化

Fig.20 Acceleration and velocity change of projectile in vertical direction

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