海上有人/无人协同系统及其关键技术综述

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0327

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海上有人/无人协同系统对进一步提升海军作战效能有重要作用,是现代海军装备发展的重要方向。立足未来海上作战,以海上有人/无人协同系统的实际应用为牵引,综述国外相关项目发展现状,厘清海上有人/无人协同系统的主要特点,凝练并分析其中科学问题与关键技术,总结海上有人/无人协同系统的发展方向、矛盾与挑战。未来,智能化、模块化和稀疏化将成为海上有人/无人协同系统的重要发展方向,但由于系统自主性与可控性间、智能化发展与海上约束间、海上有人/无人协同特点与现有协同任务体系间存在一定的发展矛盾,故系统还将面临系统规模、平台多样性、系统安全性及信息化与智能化等方面的发展挑战。

关键词: 海上有人/无人协同系统, 无人系统, 无人集群, 集群智能, 人机协同

Abstract:

Maritime manned/unmanned collaborative systems play a crucial role in enhancing naval operational effectiveness and represent a significant direction in the development of modern naval equipment. This paper focuses on the development of maritime manned/unmanned collaborative systems, reviews the current developing status and relevant foreign projects, clarifies the main characteristics of the systems, condenses and analyzes the scientific issues and key technologies involved, and ultimately provides a comprehensive survey on the development of maritime manned/unmanned collaborative systems. In the future, intelligence, modularity and sparsity will become the important directions for the development of maritime manned/unmanned collaborative systems. However, due to the contradictions between system autonomy and controllability, the development of intelligence and maritime constraints, and the features of manned/unmanned collaboration and existing collaborative frameworks, the system will also face challenges in scale, diversity, security, and intelligence-related aspects.

Key words: maritime manned/unmanned collaborative system, unmanned system, unmanned swarm, swarm intelligence, human-machine cooperation

中图分类号:

王童豪, 彭星光, 胡浩, 徐德民. 海上有人/无人协同系统及其关键技术综述[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(10): 3317-3340.

WANG Tonghao, PENG Xingguang, HU Hao, XU Demin. Maritime Manned/unmanned Collaborative Systems and Key Technologies: A Survey[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(10): 3317-3340.

图/表 10

图1 两链两环结构

Fig.1 Two chains and two loops

表1 2015年北约空中有人/无人LOI表

Table 1 Level of Interoperability of manned/unmanned aerial systems issued by NATO in 2015

等级	互操作能力
1	可接收传感器关键数据
2	可接收传感器全部数据
3	可对无人机载荷进行监控和控制
4	可对无人机进行监控和控制(发射与回收除外)
5	可对无人机的发射与回收进行监控和控制

图2 美军体系化有人/无人协同系统研究计划

Fig.2 Systematic manned/unmanned collaborative system research plan of the U.S.

图3 未来海上有人/无人协同系统

Fig.3 Components of the future maritime manned/unmanned collaborative system

图4 关键技术逻辑架构

Fig.4 Logical architecture for the key technologies

图5 有人/无人协同任务体系设计技术框架

Fig.5 Design framework of the manned/unmanned collaborative task system

图6 人员认知与决策能力分析及人机交互技术框架

Fig.6 Framework of cognition and decision-making ability analysis and human-computer interaction technology

图7 人在回路的智能辅助决策技术框架

Fig.7 Framework of human-in-the-loop intelligent supporting decision-making technology

图8 无人系统感知与决策技术框架

Fig.8 Framework of unmanned sensing and decision-making

图9 系统安全保障技术框架

Fig.9 Framework of system security assurance technology

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