六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷基压装炸药爆轰直径效应

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0980

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为推进六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane,CL-20)混合炸药在微小型起爆序列中的应用,准确掌握其传爆特性,开展了CL-20基压装炸药爆轰直径效应研究。针对一种典型的压装CL-20混合炸药(C-1,CL-20/粘结剂=95/5),通过开展冲击起爆实验,标定了该炸药Lee-Tarver冲击起爆模型的反应速率方程参数,为直径效应仿真模拟研究提供模型参数。在此基础上完成圆柱阶梯装药爆轰直径效应的数值模拟及实验验证,建立装药直径与爆轰速度(简称爆速)的关系。采用锥形装药爆轰传播的数值模拟对比分析C-1炸药与PBX9404、PBX9502 两种炸药的爆轰直径效应的差异性,依据爆速对装药直径的关系拟合得到这3种炸药的临界直径,同时掌握不同约束条件对C-1炸药爆轰临界直径的影响规律。研究结果表明:C-1炸药的爆轰临界直径(1.34mm)介于PBX9404(1.27mm)和PBX9502之间(2.3mm),这是因为炸药爆轰直径效应导致的爆速衰减与其冲击起爆特性有关,爆速衰减的不同阶段分别是由不同的反应速率项(点火、低压慢反应、高压快反应)控制;此外,随着约束条件的增强,C-1炸药的临界直径减小,采用周向全约束,可大幅削弱侧向稀疏波的影响,相比无约束装药其临界直径降低51.5%。

关键词: 六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷基混合炸药, 点火增长模型, 直径效应, 约束条件, 临界直径

Abstract:

The detonation propagation characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based pressed explosives are studied to promote the application of CL-20 mixed explosives in micro-detonation sequences. For a typical pressed CL-20 mixed explosive (C-1, CL-20/binder=95/5), the reaction rate equation parameters of Lee-Tarver shock initiation model for this explosive are calibrated through the shock initiation experiments, providing the model parameters for simulation studies of diameter effect. Based on this, the detonation diameter effect of cylindrical step charges is verified through numerical simulation and experiment, and the relationship between charge diameter and detonation velocity is established. The detonation diameter effects of C-1, PBX9404 and PBX9502 explosives are compared through the numerical simulation of conical charge detonation propagation. The critical diameters of the three explosives are obtained by fitting the relationship between detonation velocity and charge diameter, and the influence rules of different constraint conditions on the critical detonation diameter of C-1 explosive are mastered. The study shows that the critical detonation diameter of C-1 explosive (1.34mm) is between those of PBX9404 (1.27mm) and PBX9502 (2.3mm). This is because the detonation velocity decay caused by the detonation diameter effect of explosive is related to its shock initiation characteristics, and the different stages of detonation velocity decay are controlled by different reaction rate terms (ignition, low-pressure slow reaction, and high-pressure fast reaction). In addition, with the strengthening of constraint conditions, the critical diameter of C-1 explosive decreases. the influence of lateral rarefaction wave can be greatly weakened by using radial full constraint, and its critical diameter is decreased by 51.5% compared with that of unconstrained charge.

Key words: hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane-based mixed explosive, ignition growth model, diameter effect, constraint condition, critical diameter

中图分类号:

TQ564

何超, 刘彦, 白帆, 刘沫言, 王虹富, 黄风雷. 六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷基压装炸药爆轰直径效应[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(12): 4283-4294.

HE Chao, LIU Yan, BAI Fan, LIU Moyan, WANG Hongfu, HUANG Fenglei. Detonation Diameter Effect of CL-20-based Pressed Explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(12): 4283-4294.

图/表 28

图1 冲击起爆实验测试系统

Fig.1 Shock initiation test system

图2 冲击起爆实验装置照片

Fig.2 Photo of shock initiation experimental apparatus

图3 冲击起爆实验C-1炸药样品

Fig.3 Samples of C-l explosive for shock initiation test

表1 冲击起爆炸药样品规格

Table 1 Explosive sample specifications

炸药配方	尺寸/mm	数量
C-1混合炸药	ϕ40×3	6
	ϕ40×25	2

图4 49mm厚隔板下冲击起爆实验压力

Fig.4 Pressure curve of shock initiation experiment for 49mm-thick partition

图5 45mm厚隔板下冲击起爆实验压力

Fig.5 Pressure curve of shock initiation experiment for 45mm- thick partition

表2 冲击起爆状态方程参数

Table 2 Parameters of shock initiation equation of state

类别	A/GPa	B/GP	R₁	R₂	ω	c_v/(GPa·K^-1)
未反应炸药JWL状态方程	444400.00	-5.13	13.50	1.35	0.8695	2.78×10^-3
爆轰产物JWL状态方程	1887.64	162.40	6.50	2.75	0.5470	1.00×10^-3

图6 不同隔板厚度下各拉格朗日位置仿真压力与实验压力对比

Fig.6 Comparison of simulated and experimental pressures at different Lagrange positions with different partition thicknesses

表3 反应速率模型参数

Table 3 Parameters of reaction rate model

参数	数值	参数	数值
I	5.865×10¹¹	G₂	1256.72
a	8.550	e	0.333
b	1.742	g	0.979
x	5.438	z	4.750
G₁	907.535	λ_I_,max	0.3
c	7.327	$λ G 1, m a x$	0.5
d	0.941	$λ G 2, m a x$	0.5
y	1.0

表3 反应速率模型参数

Table 3 Parameters of reaction rate model

参数	数值	参数	数值
I	5.865×10¹¹	G₂	1256.72
a	8.550	e	0.333
b	1.742	g	0.979
x	5.438	z	4.750
G₁	907.535	λ_I_,max	0.3
c	7.327	$λ G 1, m a x$	0.5
d	0.941	$λ G 2, m a x$	0.5
y	1.0

图7 阶梯装药爆轰直径效应测试系统

Fig.7 Detonation diameter effect test system of step charge

表4 临界直径炸药样品规格

Table 4 Explosive sample specifications of critical diameter

炸药配方	尺寸/mm	数量
	ϕ10×10	4
C-1混合炸药	ϕ8×8	4
	ϕ6×6	4

图8 爆轰直径效应实验C-1炸药样品

Fig.8 Samples of C-l explosive for detonation diameter effect test

图9 探针装配图

Fig.9 Probe assembly diagram

表5 实验参数及结果

Table 5 Experimental parameters and results

序号	药柱直径/mm	探针编号	触发时刻/ms	平均爆速/ (m·s^-1)
		1	97.95
		2	99.10
	10	3	100.25	8794.46
		4	101.35
		5	102.50
1		6	103.45
	8	7	104.35	8538.01
		8	105.30
		9	106.25
		10	106.95
	6	11	107.70	8428.57
		12	108.40
		13	109.10
		1	98.40
		2	99.50
	10	3	100.65	8893.28
		4
		5	103.0
		6	103.95
2	8	7		8496.24
		8
		9	106.05
		10
	6	11	108.0	8285.71
		12	108.70
		13	109.45

图10 见证板最终变形3D扫描结果

Fig.10 3D scanning results of final deformation of witness board

图11 3D有限元模型

Fig.11 3D finite element model

图12 阶梯装药爆轰传播过程

Fig.12 Detonation propagation process of step charge

图13 阶梯装药爆轰实验与模拟对比结果

Fig.13 Comparison between experimental and simulated results of step charge detonation

图14 无约束装药二维模型

Fig.14 Two-dimensional model of unconstrained charge

图15 网格敏感性分析

Fig.15 Grid sensitivity analysis

图16 爆轰传播过程数值模拟结果

Fig.16 Simulated results of detonation propagation process

图17 C-1炸药与两种典型二代炸药爆速直径关系

Fig.17 Relationship among detonation velocities and diameters of C-l explosive and two typical second-generation explosives

图18 3种炸药爆速与药柱半径倒数拟合曲线

Fig.18 Reciprocal fitting curves of detonation velocities and grain radii of three kinds of explosives

图19 3种炸药爆速与药柱半径倒数的拟合曲线

Fig.19 Reciprocal fitting curves of detonation velocities and grain radii of three kinds of explosives

图20 爆轰ZND模型

Fig.20 ZND model of detonation

表6 3种炸药反应速率模型关键参数

Table 6 Key parameters of reaction rate model for three kinds of explosives

炸药	d_cr/ mm	D_J/ (mm·μs^-1)	G₁	G₂	I
C-1	1.34	9.1	907.535	1256.72	5.865×10¹¹
PBX9404	1.27	8.776	3.1	400	7.43×10¹¹
PBX9502	2.3	7.706	1100	30	4.01×10⁶

图21 不同约束情况二维有限元模型

Fig.21 Two-dimensional finite element model with different constraints

图22 约束对不同直径药柱爆速影响

Fig.22 Effect of constraint on detonation velocity of grain with different diameters

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