气固两相粉末燃料爆轰及其推进应用研究进展

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0675

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

粉末燃料因其能量密度高、稳定性好等优势,作为爆轰推进动力系统的燃料或添加剂,具有广阔的应用前景。根据气固两相粉末爆轰的燃料种类进行分类,并以指导粉末爆轰推进技术应用为导向,回顾粉末燃料在氧化剂氛围以及气体燃料/氧化剂氛围中起爆特性和传播特性的国内外研究进展,并对二者进行理论和工程技术的研究归纳,概括影响气固两相爆轰起爆和传播特性的因素以及重要的研究结论。从应用前景、推进性能、难点与挑战等角度对两相爆轰发动机研究进行综述,在总结发动机数值和实验研究现状的基础上,对未来需要开展的研究工作进行展望。

关键词: 粉末燃料, 爆轰发动机, 非均相爆轰, 混合爆轰, 起爆与传播特性

Abstract:

Powdered fuel has broad application prospect prospects as fuels or additives in detonation propulsion systems due to their high energy density and excellent stability. Based on the classification of fuel types for gas-solid two-phase detonation and the application of powder detonation propulsion technology, the theoretical research progress on the detonation initiation and propagation characteristics of powdered fuel in oxidizer gas and gas fuel/oxidizer gas at domentically and internationally is reviewed. The theoretical and engineering aspects of heterogeneous detonation and hybrid detonation are summarized, highlighting the key factors affecting the initiation and propagation characteristics of gas-solid two-phase detonations, as well as important conclusions. Furthermore, the two-phase detonation engines are reviewed from the perspectives of application prospects, propulsion performance, difficulties and challenges, etc. Based on the summary of the numerical and experimental research status of powder detonation engines, the future research work that needs to be carried out is prospected.

Key words: powdered fuel, detonation engine, heterogeneous detonation, hybrid detonation, detonation initiation and propagation characteristics

中图分类号:

V435

杨浅舒, 续晗, 倪晓冬, 熊凯, 郭佳敏, 翁春生. 气固两相粉末燃料爆轰及其推进应用研究进展[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(9): 2951-2972.

YANG Qianshu, XU Han, NI Xiaodong, XIONG Kai, GUO Jiamin, WENG Chunsheng. Progress in the Research of Gas-solid Powder Detonation and Its Propulsion Applications[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 2951-2972.

图/表 27

图1 铝颗粒/空气悬浮物的起爆能量与颗粒浓度的关系[21]

Fig.1 Dependence of the initiation energy of air-suspension of Al-particles on the particles concentration[21]

图2 固体颗粒/氧气混合物无侧向约束半球形爆轰的实验装置[24]

Fig.2 Experimental setup for the unconfined hemispherical detonations in solid particle/oxygen mixtures[24]

图3 颗粒质量浓度与临界起爆能量计算值的关系[26]

Fig.3 The relationship between particle mass concentration and the calculated value of critical initiation energy[26]

表1 直接起爆临界起爆能量的估算

Table 1 Estimates of critical initiation energy for direct detonation

作者	材料	当量比	质量浓度/ (kg·m^-3)	D_C-J/ (m·s^-1)	d_min/m	λ/m	临界起爆能量估计E_cr/MJ
Zhang等^[44]	0.1μm球状铝粉/空气(初始压力1.5atm)	1.30	0.60	1800	0.08	0.25	2.6
Zhang等^[44]	2μm球状铝粉/空气(初始压力2.5atm)	1.60	1.25	1 750		0.62(测得)	75.7
Borisov等^[21]	1μm片状铝粉/空气	1.30	0.40	1900	0.12	0.38	6.6
Zhang等^[31]	1μm片状铝粉/空气	1.61	0.50	1850		0.44(测得)	7.6
Zhang等^[30]	片状铝粉/空气	0.90	0.29	1610	无约束空间	0.60(测得)	13.5/44.0(测得)
Zhang等^[30]	2~3μm球状铝粉/空气	2.16	0.67	1700	无约束空间	0.60(测得)	34.7
Ingignoli等^[29]	1μm片状铝粉/氧气	1.00	1.50	1600	无约束空间	0.10(测得)	0.32/0.68(测得)
Veyssiere等^[25]	1μm片状铝粉/氧气	1.00	1.50	1600	无约束空间	0.10(测得)	0.32/0.69(测得)

图4 混合爆轰冲量与总燃料质量的关系[35]

Fig.4 Hybrid detonation impulse versus total fuel mass[35]

图5 形成二次激波的起爆药质量与铝粉颗粒粒径的关系[32]

Fig.5 Dependence of initiation charge mass for second shock formation on aluminum particle diameter[32]

图6 粒径10μm玉米淀粉/空气混合物DDT过程[31]

Fig.6 Transition to detonation in a 10μm cornstarch/air mixture[31]

图7 粒径22μm×6μm×6μm蒽醌/空气混合物中DDT过程[31]

Fig.7 Transition to detonation in a 22μm×6μm×6μm anthraquinone/air mixture[31]

图8 不同起爆能量下的波前速度随距离变化[41]

Fig.8 Wave front velocities versus propagation distance with different initiation energies[41]

图9 不同起爆方式和能量下的波前速度随距离变化[16]

Fig.9 Wave front velocities versus propagation distance with different initiation energiesand different initiation methods[16]

图10 燕麦粉尘和甲烷/空气混合物的爆轰极限[45]

Fig.10 Detonation limits of mixtures of oats dust and methane/air[45]

图11 多相端壁DDT过程示意图[39]

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of a DDT scenario in an end multiphase slug[39]

图12 两相爆轰波一维结构示意图[12]

Fig.12 Schematic diagram of the one-dimensional structure of two-phase detonation wave[12]

图13 质量分数比对爆轰波结构的影响[53]

Fig.13 Effect of the mass fraction ratio on the detonation-wave structure[53]

图14 混合爆轰结构示意图[62]

Fig.14 Schematic diagram of the hybrid detonation structure[62]

图15 当量比0.8的乙烯/空气和10μm球形铝颗粒混合物中的Ⅰ型弱混合爆轰[50]

Fig.15 Type-Ⅰ weak hybrid detonation in a mixture of ethylenelair with equivalent ratio of 0.8 and 10μm atomized aluminum particles[50]

图16 当量比0.8的乙烯/空气和23μm球形铝颗粒混合物中的Ⅱ型弱混合爆轰[50] Type-Ⅱ weak hybrid detonation in a mixture of ethylenelair with equivalent ratio of 0.8 and 23μm atomized aluminum particles[50]

图17 烟膜板上记录的铝/氧气云爆轰胞格照片[29]

Fig.17 Photograph of aluminum/oxygen cloud detonation cell recorded on a soot plate[29]

图18 具有横向浓度梯度的宽度6cm和宽度12cm通道中的爆轰胞格(颗粒质量浓度从下到上壁面线性减小)[77]

Fig.18 Cellular detonation in 6cm and 12cm width channels with transverse concentration gradients(the mass concentration of particles decreases linearly from the lower wall to the upper wall)[77]

图19 氢/空气/铝颗粒混合物爆轰胞格宽度比值λ/λ0随波前速度比值D/D0的变化[67]

Fig.19 Relationship between the detonation cell width ratio λ/λ0 and the wave front velocity ratio D/D0 of the hydrogen/air/aluminum particle mixture[67]

图20 不同质量比混合物沿爆轰管轴线的压力剖面[85]

Fig.20 Pressure distribution profiles along the detonation tube axis for mixtures at different mass ratios[85]

图21 爆轰波传播速度随颗粒装载比例变化[87]

Fig.21 Variations of the detonation propagation velocity with the particle mass loading ratio[87]

图22 铝粉燃料PDE实物图[98]

Fig.22 Schematic diagram of aluminum powder fuel PDE[98]

图23 旋转爆轰燃烧室(前视图)[109]

Fig.23 Illustration diagram of the rotating detonation combustor(front view) [109]

表2 粉末燃料RDE实验工况与结果

Table 2 Experimental conditions and results of powdered fuel RDE

文献来源	燃料	粒径	爆速/(m·s^-1)
文献[105]	24.7%挥发分、14.2%灰分、56%碳的煤粉/氢气/空气	1~7μm	1100~1860
文献[110]	99%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	19~39nm	1200~1700
文献[111]	99%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	19~39nm	1300~1600
文献[109]	95.53%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	20nm	1000~1400
文献[115]	95.58%碳的煤粉/氢/空气	20nm~20μm	1500~1700
文献[116]	铝粉/空气	0.5μm	1720
文献[114]	糖粉、花生粉、玉米淀粉和碳粉	29nm~25μm	1466~1575

图24 全局当量比φ=0.5时的局部当量比云图[118]

Fig.24 Contours of the local equivalence ratio for global equivalence ratio φ=0.5[118]

图25 当量比0.7时t=1719μs时刻与t=1723μs时刻的颗粒密度云图[118]

Fig.25 Particle density contours at moment t=1719μs and t=1723μs for equivalent ratio of 0.7[118]

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