典型7.62mm狙击弹对有生目标的杀伤效应

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0553

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了研究典型7.62mm狙击弹在不同距离上对有生目标造成的杀伤效应,采用自适应光滑流体动力学方法(Adaptive Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, ASPH)构建数值计算模型,获得不同距离上该弹丸对弹道明胶造成的瞬时空腔尺寸,并与相应实验结果进行验证;基于自主开发的人体易损性评估软件,获得该狙击弹在200m、400m和800m上命中人体胸部时可能造成的损伤严重度。研究结果表明:ASPH方法兼顾了计算精度和计算效率,适用于求解侵彻大变形问题;相同侵彻速度下攻角大的弹丸在明胶中翻滚更早,受到的加速度作用力更大,靶标厚度对弹丸运动过程和杀伤效果也有着重要影响;2°攻角下,射击距离为200m时造成的瞬时空腔直径分别为400m和800m时的1.14倍和1.44倍;2°攻角下,7.62mm狙击弹200m时侵彻初始阶段加速度峰值分别为400m和800m时的1.63倍和3.8倍;基于人体易损性评估软件,当射击距离分别为200m、400m和800m时,命中人体胸部剑突右上方情况下造成的最大简明创伤评分分别为6(死亡)、5(危重伤)和4(严重),新损伤严重度评分分别为75、57和48,随着命中距离的增加,人员死亡概率从96.8%下降到60.3%。

关键词: 狙击弹, 弹道明胶, 瞬时空腔, 人体易损性评估

Abstract:

To study the killing effect of typical 7.62mm sniper bullet on live targets at different distances, a numerical computational model is constructed using adaptive smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ASPH) method to obtain the sizes of temporary cavities caused by the bullets on ballistic gelatin at different distances and validated with the corresponding experimental results. The severity of damage that a sniper bullet may cause when it hits the human chest at 200m, 400m and 800m is obtained based on the self-developed human vulnerability assessment software. The results show that the ASPH method is suitable for solving large penetration deformation problems with a balance between computational accuracy and efficiency, the bullet with a larger angle of attack rolls earlier in the gelatin at the same penetration velocity and is subjected to greater acceleration forces, and the target thickness also has an important influence on the motion and killing effect of bullet. The size of instantaneous cavity caused by 7.62mm sniper bullet is 1.14 and 1.44 times larger than those at 400m and 800m, respectively, at 2° angle of attack. The peak acceleration of the initial phase of penetration of 7.62mm sniper bullet at 200m is 1.63 and 3.8 times higher than those at 400m and 800m, respectively, at 2° angle of attack. When the upper right side of humman xiphoid process is hitted at 200m, 400m and 800m, the MAIS injury scores are 6 (fatal), 5 (critical injury), and 4 (severe), and the NISS scores are 75, 57, and 48, respectively, and the probability of death decreases from 96.8% to 60.3% with the increase of hitting distance.

Key words: sniper bullet, ballistic gelatin, temporary cavity, human vulnerability assessment

中图分类号:

TJ012.4

袁瑞, 温垚珂, 刘东旭, 贾益宁, 聂伟晓, 夏海龙. 典型7.62mm狙击弹对有生目标的杀伤效应[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(9): 2973-2981.

YUAN Rui, WEN Yaoke, LIU Dongxu, JIA Yining, NIE Weixiao, XIA Hailong. Killing Effect of a Typical 7.62mm Sniper Bullet on Live Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 2973-2981.

图/表 15

图1 弹丸侵彻明胶的有限元模型

Fig.1 Finite element model of bullet impacting on gelatin

表1 铜被甲和铅芯部件的Johnson-Cook本构参数

Table 1 Johnson-Cook constitutive parameters of copper-jacket lead-core components

部件	ρ/(g·cm^-3)	G/GPa	A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	D₁	D₂~D₅
铜被甲	8.45	46	90	292	0.01	0.025	1.09	3	0
铅芯	11.2	7	14	18	0.685	0.035	1.67	3	0

表2 明胶本构参数

Table 2 Gelatin constitutive parameters

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	1.03	C₁/GPa	2.38
G/MPa	0.15	C₂/GPa	7.14
σ₀/MPa	0.22	C₃/GPa	11.9
E_h/MPa	0.01	FS	0.9

图2 实验原理图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of experimental setup

图3 弹丸侵彻明胶过程中弹丸速度随侵彻深度的变化情况

Fig.3 Variation of bullet velocity with penetration depth during bullet penetration into gelatin

图4 实验(左)和数值分析(右)中明胶瞬时空腔变化情况

Fig.4 Experiment (left) and numerical analyses (right) of gelatine temporary cavity variations

图5 2.0ms时不同攻角、不同侵彻速度下的瞬时空腔直径

Fig.5 Temporary cavity diameters at different angles of attack and different penetration velocities at 2.0ms

图6 弹丸加速度与明胶最大瞬时空腔区域的对应关系

Fig.6 Correspondence between bullet acceleration and maximum temporary cavity area of gelatin

图7 4种工况下弹丸加速度随侵彻深度变化情况

Fig.7 Variation of bullet acceleration with penetration depth under 4 working conditions

图8 评估软件中的组织代码及AIS评分

Fig.8 Organizational codes and AIS scores in assessment software

表3 NISS分值对应的损伤严重程度

Table 3 NISS score corresponding to the severity of injury

NISS评分	<16	16~30	30~75
损伤程度	轻伤	重伤	危重伤

表4 小质量破片穿透生物胸部损伤实验结果

Table 4 Damage experiments of mall mass fragment penetrating into biological chest

破片质量/g	破片速度/(m·s^-1)	AIS
0.15	776.51±238.51	2.47±0.94
0.25	699.83±95.04	2.95±0.60

表5 小质量破片穿透生物胸部损伤模拟结果

Table 5 Simulated results of small mass fragment penetration damage to biological chest

破片质量/g	速度/(m·s^-1)	AIS	MAIS	NISS
0.15	780	2.42	3	27
0.25	700	2.97	6	75

图9 人体易损性评估软件界面

Fig.9 Human vulnerability assessment software interface

表6 不同着靶速度与死亡率的关系

Table 6 Relationship between impact velocity and mortality

射击距离/m	着靶速度/(m·s^-1)	MAIS	NISS	死亡概率
200	660	6	75	0.968
400	540	5	57	0.895
800	350	4	48	0.603

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