Table of Content

31 January 2018, Volume 39 Issue 1

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Contents

2018, 39(1):  0. 

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Paper

Investigation on the Mechanism and Experiment of Pistol Cartridge Penetrating into Gelatin Target with Soft Body Armor

LIU Kun， WU Zhi-lin， NING Jian-guo， REN Hui-lan， LI Zhong-xin

2018, 39(1):  1-17.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.001

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The destruction forms of soft body armor penetrated by pistol cartridge are analyzed according to the penetration characteristics of pistol cartridge. A motion model of pistol cartridge penetrating into the gelatin target with soft body armor is established by introducing the fiber constitutive model and gelatin elastic model based on the material constitutive model of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The motion model is calculated by taking two pistol cartridges with the diameters of 9 mm and 5.8 mm as killer elements. At the same time, the numerical calculation and experimental verification are carried out, respectively. The calculated results are compared with the corresponding experimental results. The compa-rative result shows that the motion model can describe the motion of pistol cartridge penetrating into the gelatin target with soft body armor accurately. Key

Numerical Analysis of Influence of Charge Parameters on Flow Field around Sealed Muzzle of Underwater Machine Gun

ZHANG Xin-wei, YU Yong-gang, MANG Shan-shan

2018, 39(1):  18-27.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.002

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A mathematical-physical model is established to study the influence of charge parameters on the flow field characteristics for 12.7 mm underwater machine gun. Fluent software, combined with user- defined function and dynamic grid technology, is used to simulate the flow fields around the sealed muzzles of underwater machine guns with the charge quality of 15.5 g, 13.0 g and 11.0 g, respectively. The results show that the axial movements of initial air and projectile are impeded by the high-density water, resulting in the slowdown of projectile and the gathering of gunpowder gas at muzzle during the projectile flying through the muzzle. The attenuation of gas jet pressure follows the exponential decay rule after a projectile is fired from the muzzle. When the jet is affected by both the projectile velocity and the gas jet pressure, its shape gradually changes from a trapezoidal cavity to a gourd-like cavity, and the maximum displacement of jet follows the exponential decay rule. The initial formation time of Mach disk is basically the same for the three charge conditions. With the reduction in the initial velocity of projectile and the initial injection pressure of gas, the gunpowder gas gathers in the jet head and radially expands to form the secondary jet. Meanwhile, the impact time of projectile base on the shape of Mach disk is shortened, helping the shock core faster approximate to normal shock wave. It can be seen that the influence of charge quality on the distribution of the flow field around the muzzle has a certain regularity. Key

Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Algorithm for Identifying and Analyzing the Dynamic Response Model Parameters of StrandedWire Helical Springs

DING Chuan-jun, ZHANG Xiang-yan, LIU Ning

2018, 39(1):  28-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.003

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An adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) algorithm with noise statistic estimator is developed for the parameters identification of nonlinear response model of stranded wire helical springs. The convergence of parameters identification of nonlinear model could be ensured by recursively estimating measurement noise (or process noise) in the test data of stranded wire helical springs. The effectiveness of AUKF algorithm is verified via dynamic loading experiment. The result demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can accurately determine the model parameters of stranded wire helical springs even with higher levels of measurement noise. In the prediction process of spring response, the predicted amplitude should not be much smaller than the amplitude for parameter identification. When the loading rate is changed, the hysteresis parameters in the dynamic model of stranded wire helical spring are basically unchanged, but the zero-order nonlinear stiffness coefficient and the zero-order nonlinear amplification factor are changed greatly. Key

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Damage of Shaped Charge Warhead to Double-layer Columniform Shell

LI Bing, LIU Nian-nian, CHEN Gao-jie, ZHANG A-man

2018, 39(1):  38-45.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.004

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In order to investigate the underwater explosion characteristic, the damage process of shaped charge warhead to double-layer columniform shell is simulated based on SPH-FEM coupling algorithm. The formation and velocity decay rule of metal jet are analyzed. The damage modes and the characteristics of high-speed metal jet are used to study the effects of strong shock wave and bubble load on double-layer columniform shell structure. The sea model explosion tests were conducted to verify the simulation. The numerically simulated results are in good agreement with the test results. It can be concluded that the damage effects of the shaped charge warhead on double-layer columniform shell include metal jet, shock wave and bubble. The metal jet causes small crevasse on the shell, and the shock wave and bubble cause large holes and plastic hollows on the shell. Key

Molecular Design and Performance Study of Isofurazano Carriers for Melt-castable Explosives

DULI Xiao-song, LIU Yu-cun, CHENG Gui-min, JING Su-ming, LUO Jin, WANG Meng-xia

2018, 39(1):  46-56.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.005

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Seven isofurazano energetic compounds were designed by taking new carriers for melt-castable explosives as research target and isofurazan as basic structural unit. The density functional theory is used to study the geometric configuration, density, enthalpy of formation, detonation properties, bond dissociation energy, electrostatic potential and impact sensitivity of isofurazano energetic derivatives at multiple basis set levels, respectively. Melting points of designed compounds are predicted based on group contribution theory. Results show that the density distributions of seven designed compounds are 1.807- 1.939 g/cm³, the detonation velocity is in the range of 8.4-9.7 km/s, the melting point is 61-118 ℃, and the impact sensitivity is in the range of 13-54 cm. Except for the nitrate derivative, the weakest bond dissociation energies of other compounds are 240-250 kJ/mol. According to the theoretically calculated results, two kinds of potential high-energy isofurazano carriers for melt-castable explosives are selected: 2,2'-dinitroazodiisofuzazan and 3,5-dinitrofurazanisofuroxan. Melting points and characteristic drop heights of two selected compounds are 80 ℃ and 118 ℃, 20 cm and 23 cm, respectively, and their energy levels approach to that of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan. Key

Research on Autocatalytic Thermal Decomposition Properties and Thermal Safety of CL-20

WANG Kai， XIAO Song， SHEN Xiao-li， GUO Tian-ji， TU Jian， LIU Da-bin

2018, 39(1):  57-62.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.006

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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a very important type of explosive, and its thermal decomposition safety has been paid attention. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique is employed to study the thermal decomposition and safety parameters of CL-20. The “interruption-rescanning ” and Swiss methods are further applied to evaluate the autocatalytic effect of CL-20 during thermal decomposition, which is verified by isothermal DSC experiments. The decomposition kinetic parameters of CL-20 are determined by using the Friedman isoconversional method. The kinetic parameters with heat balance are analyzed and used to simulate the time to the maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad). It is indicated that the initial thermal decomposition temperature is in the range from 233.5 to 255.7 ℃ at the heating rates of 2, 5, 10 and 20 ℃/min. Thermal history significantly influences the thermal stability of CL-20, where the preheating decreases its initial thermal decomposition temperature and the peak temperature. T_D8 and T_D24 of CL-20 were obtained to be 162.3 ℃ and 152.8 ℃, respectively. Key

Design and Application of Binder System for Castable Polymer Bonded Explosive

OU Ya-peng, YAN Shi, JIAO Qing-jie, GUO Xue-yong, SUN Ya-lun

2018, 39(1):  63-70.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.007

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In order to improve the solid content and mechanical properties, and decrease the plasticizer migration of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based castable polymer bonded explosive (PBX), a compound plasticizer (AI) was designed according to the approximation principle of solubility parameter using dioctyl adipate and isodecyl pelargonate as substances. The solid phase content of castable PBX based on HTPB/AI binder system reachs 90% using conventional practice. The influence of binder system on mechanical sensitivity, compatibility, performance and other properties were investigated. The results show that AI decreases the tensile modulus of HTPB film, thus decreasing its mechanical sensitivity. The viscosity at the end of mix of PBX slurry is decreased and the performance is improved due to the high solid content. Vacuum high temperature rotary evaporation of raw materials removes impurities and keeps plasticizer from leakage with the ideal compatibility. Key

Experimental Research on Atomization Characteristics of Gelled Propellants Doped with Carbon Particles

SHI Chao， QIANG Hong-fu， LIU Hu

2018, 39(1):  71-82.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.008

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As an important part of gelled propellant, the solid energetic particles play an important role in improving its energy characteristics. Atomization is one of the key problems in gel propulsion technology. For the research on the influence of addition of solid energetic particles on the atomization of gelled propellants, the carbon particles are used as solid additives to investigate the atomization of gelled propellants doped with carbon partilces. Three kinds of gelled propellant simulants with carbon particles were prepared, and their rheological and thixotropic properties were measured. The characteristics and formation mechanism of atomization field under different jet velocities and impact angles are analyzed, the influences of the jet velocity on the atomization mode and the impact angle on the basic shape of atomization field are discussed, and the influences of the mass fraction and average particle size of carbon particles on the rheological characteristics and atomization effect are studied. A method for calculating the velocity of atomization field based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) key points is proposed, and the atomization field velocity is analyzed quantitatively. On this basis, a new method is proposed to estimate the thickness of liquid film. The results show that the atomization effect improves significantly with the increase in jet velocity and impact angle; the addition of carbon particles has an important influence on the atomization, the atomization effect can be weakened as the mass fraction of carbon particles increases, and slightly improved as the average radius of carbon particles increases; the ratio of atomization average velocity to jet velocity, v_a/v_j, can be used to characterize the atomization effect, and the smaller the v_a/v_j is, the better the atomization effect is. Key

Near-minimax Acceleration Guidance Law with First-order Autopilot

GUO Kun， YANG Shu-xing

2018, 39(1):  83-93.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.009

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A hybrid near-minimax acceleration guidance law for first-order lag systems is proposed to avoid the control saturation of missiles with control limits and large impact angle constraint. By designing the switch point and the lag compensation term in the latter phase, the proposed guidance law is composed of a circular arc-straight line guidance phase and a polynomial guidance phase with first-order autopilot compensation. It is proved by mathematical deduction that the switch point must exist and the peak acceleration of the whole trajectory appears at the switch point. Combining the optimization ability of the circular arc-straight line guidance law, the near-optimality of the hybrid guidance law is obtained. Simulated results show that the acceleration does not increase after the switch point, and the impact angle constraint is satisfied. Comparisons with the numerical optimal solutions further verify the near-optimality of the hybrid guidance law. Key

Robust Adaptive Cubature Kalman Filter and Its Application in Relative Navigation

ZHANG Xu, CUI Nai-gang, WANG Xiao-gang, CUI Hu-tao, QIN Wu-tao

2018, 39(1):  94-100.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.010

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An adaptive Huber-based cubature Kalman filter (CKF) algorithm with noise estimator is proposed to solve the problem that the measurement noise of vision-based relative navigation sensor for unmanned aerial vehicles (UVAs) formation follows non-Gaussian distribution. The Huber technique based on solving the linear regression problem and the covariance matching method are combined in the proposed algorithm. The residual sequences are used to estimate and tune the statistical characteristics of process noise and measurement noise on line, and then the received measured data are weighted by using the forgetting weighted parameters, thus estimating the relative position, relative velocity and relative attitude information among unmanned aerial vehicles accurately, and improving the adaptive capability of Huber-based CKF algorithm. The simulated results show that the proposed algorithm has strong adaptability to the statistical properties of the contaminated noises, higher estimation accuracy and stronger robustness compared with the standard CKF algorithm. Key

Numerical Simulation of Detonation Temperature and Pressure Effects of Aluminum Powder Cloud

ZAN Wen-tao, HONG Tao, DONG He-fei

2018, 39(1):  101-110.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.011

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In order to study the temperature and pressure effects of the detonation wave generated by dust clouds in the surrounding environment and its damage law, the two-phase flow model and space-time conservation element and solution element method are used to simulate the propagation of 3.0 m radius detonation wave in the air, which is formed by uniformly distributing the suspended aluminum dust with the equivalence ratio of 1 and the particle radius of 2 μm. The pressure reaches to maximum of 2.10 MPa when the detonation wave arrives at 3.0 m from the boundary of cloud, and then the pressure will decrease. The reaction of aluminum dust particles is completed without surplus at 4.7 m from the boundary of cloud. The fireball formed by the dust reaction move outwards to reach at 10 m from the boundary of cloud. The central area of fireball is a high-temperature and low-density area with temperature of above 3 500 K and density of 0.120 kg/m³. The overpressure reaches to 0.10 MPa when the propagation distance of shock wave arrives at 24.5 m from the boundary of cloud. The overpressure reaches to 0.09 MPa when the shock wave arrives at 28.0 m from the boundary of cloud, which can cause serious injury to the human body. Key

Experimental Study on Deflagrating Characteristics of Nitromethane-aluminum Powder

HE Ning， XIANG Cong， LI Wei， ZHANG Qi

2018, 39(1):  111-117.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.012

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The deflagrating characteristics of the gaseous nitromethane and the mixture of gaseous nitromethane and aluminum dust were test by using an explosion testing system in the 1 m³ closed explosion chamber. The explosion testing system includes pressure testing part and ignition energy testing part. The test results show that, within the experimental concentration range, the deflagration pressure and temperature increase with the increase in nitromethane content in the gaseous nitromethane and air mixture. Deflagration overpressure tends to be gentle in the gaseous nitromethane concentration of 40%-60%. The minimum ignition energy of 0.7 mJ can be obtained when the concentration of gaseous nitromethane is 20%-30%. Under the condition of weak ignition, an extreme point appears in the pressure of deflagration with the increase in the concentration of aluminum dust: the deflagration pressure is in the shape of upside-down U-shaped curve with the change in aluminum density, and the humps formed basically conform to the deflagrating characteristics of explosive material. Key

Application Research on Venting Structure with Light and Fragile Material in Venting Protection of Gas Explosion

GAO Kang-hua, WANG Ming-yang, GUO Qiang, ZHAO Tian-hui, SUN Song

2018, 39(1):  118-126.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.013

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In order to explore the protecting effect of venting structure with light and fragile material on gas explosion in building, the dynamic characteristics of venting structure under gas deflagration condition are analyzed according to the characteristics of internal gas deflagration overpressure and the protective theory of venting structure with light and fragile material. The vented explosion tests are performed by the gas explosion loading experimental equipment. The principles of using the venting structure with light and fragile material are proposed according to the current national design code of venting deflagration, which can be used in engineering protection of indoor gas explosion. The experimental verification methods of venting performance are also presented. The research results show that, for a venting structure with calcium silicate board, the opening dynamic pressure decreases with the increase in the duration time of gas deflagration pressure. Such venting structure should be used in the case of internal gas deflagration pressure with long duration time, and the opening dynamic pressure is regarded as its venting index and the venting performance test should be made. Key

Research on the Best Contact State of Precision Assembly Based on Data Registration

ZHANG Ti-guang, ZHANG Fa-ping, YAN Yan, WU Di, WANG Ge, GUO Shao-wei

2018, 39(1):  127-136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.014

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A method to determine the best contact state of precision assembly based on data registration is proposed for the effects of form error and its distribution on the assembly precision and the unknown contact state after assembly. The distribution character of geometric form error is analyzed. A method to determine the contact point is proposed using data registration technology. And the best contact state is solved based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). On this basis, the small displacement torsor (SDT) is used to express the form error of part surface, and the contact error is calculated to predict assembly accuracy based on contact point. The proposed method is verified by a case study. The results show that it is of great significance to predict the assembly precision by using the data registration method to determine the assembly contact state. Meanwhile, the distribution of form error has also an important influence on the assembly precision, which cannot be ignored in the research on precision assembly.Key

Mechanical Responses of PBDMS-silica under Impact Loading

ZHOU Ding, MIAO Ying-gang, WANG Yan-pei, LI Feng, LI Yu-long

2018, 39(1):  137-145.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.015

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The impact testing, quasi-static and dynamic compressions and finite element simulation were performed to investigate the impact-resistant properties and rate-dependence mechanism of an impact-hardening polymer composite (PBDMS-silica). PBDMS-silica shows liquid-to-solid transition under impact loading, and such impact-resistant behavior is volume fraction-dependent and rate-dependent. This is confirmed by over 10⁴ times increase in compressive and shear strength in the range from quasi-static to dynamic loading. Finite element method (FEM) shows a compression-shear-coupled stress state in PBDMS-silica during impact loading, and the shear stress plays an increasingly important role in impact resistance. Jamming transition is captured during the deformation of the impact-hardening polymer by high-speed imaging with digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Combined with the mechanical responses, the conclusions are made that jamming transition induced by dynamic compression is the source of impact-resistant behavior, and the dynamic shear during impact determines how such behavior is rate-dependent. This provides a solution for the improvement of impact resistance by strengthening the dynamic shear response of the material. Key

Reversion Analysis of Ceramic Damage Based on Back Propagation Neural Network

GAO Yu-bo, ZHANG Wei, LI Da-cheng, YI Chen-hong, TANG Tie-gang

2018, 39(1):  146-152.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.016

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Damage accumulation of ceramic material is accompanied by crack propagation and bulking under shock loading. In order to obtain the accurate damage parameters of ceramic, the tungsten alloy ball projectiles were used to penetrate into a ceramic composite armor at high speed, and the depth of penetration and the fracture degree of ceramic plate were gained. The sample points of back propagation neural network are determined according to the damage parameters of JH-II constitutive model in Ref.\[14\]. The process of penetration into all sample points is numerically simulated by using the finite element analysis software AUTODYN. The establishment of BP neural network and the damage inversion of TiB₂-B₄C composites are accomplished by simulation and experimental data. The validity of BP neural network model for damage inversion is verified by comparing the simulated and experimental penetrating depths and fractures of recovered ceramic plates. Key

Numerical Simulations for the In-plane Dynamic Crushing of Honeycomb Material with Negative Poisson's Ratio Based on Rotating Triangle Model

LU Zi-xing, WU Wen-bo

2018, 39(1):  153-160.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.017

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On the basis of rotating triangle model, the different honeycomb models for different rotating angles are presented to improve the dynamic mechanical properties of honeycomb material. Numerical simulations by software ANSYS/LS-DYNA were conducted to explore the in-plane dynamic crushing behavior of the rotating triangle honeycombs at different impact velocities. The effects of rotating angles and impact velocities on deformation modes and the plateau stress are investigated, and the energy absorption characteristics of rotating triangle honeycombs are discussed. The results show that the deformation process of rotating triangle honeycombs is divided into two phases, and the nominal stress-strain curve has two plateau regions. The rotating triangle honeycombs have certain dynamic auxetic characteristics. When the rotating angle or the impact velocity reaches to a critical value, the nominal stress-strain curve has only one plateau region. At different impact velocities, the rotating triangle honeycombs have better energy absorption capacity compared to the hexagonal honeycombs. Key

Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of a Short-glass-fiber Reinforced Polyamide in Hopkinson Bar Test

WANG Yan-pei, JIANG Qi-fan, LI Yu-long

2018, 39(1):  161-169.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.018

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To investigate the dynamic mechanical property of a 50% short-glass-fiber reinforced polyamide, the quasi-static hydraulic testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure/tension bar are used to apply loading on specimens with diameters from 6 mm to 10 mm, and the average strain rate is between 0.000 5 s^-1 and 1 600 s^-1. The stress-strain curves and failure modes of specimens are obtained and investigated. Micro-mechanics of failure process at different strain rates are analyzed. It can be seen from the stress-strain curves that the strength of material under dynamic loading are obviously higher than that under quasi-static loading (the compression strengths are increased by 31%, 25% and 29% at the strain rates of 400 s^-1, 900 s^-1 and 1 600 s^-1, respectively; and the tensile strengths are increased by 46%, 47% and 28% at the strain rates of 400 s^-1, 800 s^-1 and 1 200 s^-1, respectively), and the failure strain decreases significantly. The failure processes at different strain rates are also investigated. Under compression loading, the specimens experience the compaction of existing defect, elastic deformation and failure; under tensile loading, the specimens experience only elastic deformation and failure. The growth processes of micro-cracks are obviously different under static loading and quasi-static loading: under quasi-static loading, the micro-cracks assembly into macro-cracks. On the contrary, micro-cracks separately grow into macro-cracks. Optical observation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are adopted to investigate the fracture surface. Results show that the fiber pull-out and fiber fracture are generated under dynamic compression, the fracture surface are smoother under quasi-static compression. And under tensile loading, dynamic surface shows fiber fracture, and quasi-static surface shows fiber pull-out.Key

Research on Suppression Effect of Rear Edge Control Method on Aerodynamic Noise in Open Cavity

ZHANG Qun-feng, YAN Pan-pan, LI Jun

2018, 39(1):  170-181.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.019

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Improved delayed detached eddy simulation method based on Menter SST k-ω model is used to analyze the aero-acoustic characteristics of open cavity. Flow control method of porous rear wall combined with dissipative cavity is used to suppress the noise. The effects of aerodynamic noise suppression under the conditions of subsonic and supersonic inflows are analyzed. The control mechanism of aerodynamic noise from open cavity is studied using a variety of flow field analysis techniques, such as numerical schlieren method. The results show that the suppression effect is sensitive to the dissipative cavity length under the condition of subsonic inflow. If the dissipative cavity is too short, the noise level in open cavity can not be effectively suppressed by the control method, instead of increasing the noise level to 12 dB. The suppression effect is improved when increasing the length of dissipative cavity, the noise reduction level increases with the increase in dissipative cavity length. Under the condition of supersonic inflow, the aerodynamic noise inside the cavity is effectively suppressed by the control method, the self-sustained oscillation is terminated, the tone noise in the cavity disappears, and the maximum reduction of the sound pressure level (SPL) inside the cavity reaches to 23 dB. Key

Comprehensive Review

Research Progress in Penetration/perforation into Reinforced Concrete Targets

WU Hai-jun, ZHANG Shuang, HUANG Feng-lei

2018, 39(1):  182-208.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.020

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The research on penetration and perforation into reinforced concrete targets can provide the necessary support for effective damage effect of earth penetrating weapons and effective protection capability of reinforced concrete structures. The advances in this field are reviewed from the aspects of experimental research, empirical and semi-empirical formula, theoretical modeling and numerical simulation. The typical experimental phenomena of the contrast experiments of plain and reinforced concrete targets and the non-normal penetration experiments of reinforced concrete targets are summarized, the empirical and semi-empirical formulas for calculating penetration depths, residual velocities, etc. are collected, the main research achievements on penetration and perforation into reinforced concrete targets, which include cavity expansion theories, equivalent layered methods, approaches considering the direct impact of reinforcements, etc. are concluded, and the numerical simulations on penetration and perforation into reinforced concrete targets using different numerical methods, modeling approaches, material models are summed up. The research status is evaluated, the experiments and theoretical models are discussed and analyzed, and the potential research directions are also predicted.Key