Acta Armamentarii

A Study on the Application of Genetic Algorithm to the Parameter Optimization Design for Fuel Injection System of Diesel Engines

1:Zhang Hongguang;2:Zou Wensheng;3:Wang Yan ,Sun Yongxia

2003, 24(4): 433-437. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.001

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In order to obtain the ideal fuel spray characteristics, it is necessary to optimize the design pa?rameters of the fuel injection system in diesel engines. In the paper, on the basis of the equations of fuel spray characteristics, genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to optimize the parameter of the fuel injection system for 6V150 diesel engines. The process of the parameter optimization design based on GA was intro?duced and briefly discussed in many of its respects. The results show that GA is suitable for the parameter optimization design for fuel injection systems of diesel engines.

A Study on the Improvement of Vehicle’s Performance in Acceleration through the Adoption of Integrated Powertrain Control

Liu Haiou, Chen Huiyan, Liao Chenglin

2003, 24(4): 438-441. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.002

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Integrated powertrain control system based on large diesel engine and mechanical transmission is a new trend and suDject in the development of vehicles in China. An introduction to its composition and principles of operation of the system is given. Emphasis of the paper is placed on a discussion of the effects of the integrated powertrain control on the vehicle's performance of acceleration. Proving ground tests show that, compared with the discrete engine electronic control unit and transmission electronic control unit, in?tegrated powertrain control possesses its particular advantages in the control systems, and the vehicle's ac?celeration performance is much improved.

Modeling and Simulation of a Moving Tank-Gun System in Vibration

1:Shi Lichen, Wang Liangxi;2:Zhang Bingzhi

2003, 24(4): 442-446. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.003

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Vibration of a moving tank-gun system on an irregular surface was studied in this article. Based on dynamic analysis such models were established as： double side road irregularity model, dynamic model of the chassis based on state equation including three dimensional hull, double side road wheels and seats position at will, and the interaction model between chassis and gun. Digital simulations based on these models were performed. In this way, the influence of the chassis to the gun was considered, so influence of vibration of the gun on the tank can be described better. Quantitative analysis for the influence of the tank- gun parameters to vibration can be made by changing the values of the variables to get different simulation results, so it can take an active role in tank-gun system design and optimization.

Design and Testing of Artillery Based on Similitude Simulation Models

1:Zhang Peizhong, Huang Yanchang;2: He Yong

2003, 24(4): 447-450. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.004

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Based on the dynamic similitude theory, similitude relationships in artillery ballistics, struc?tural strength, major structural components, and emplacement on soil were established. Mutual relation?ships of all parameters in the system were established. The theoretical basis of model design and test tech?nology were thus given. A 155mm artillery piece is taken as an archetype and reduced at a scale of 6 .74:1 for the design of a 23mm simulated artillery. All components and parts of the similitude artillery were thus designed. Ihe artillery was made for shooting test. On the similitude artillery，7 shooting tests were made and the data obtained from the shooting tests were compared with those from the approval test in the shoot?ing ground. It was verified that the similitude theory applies well on artillery simulation and effect of simu?lation proved to be reliable.

An Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation on Annular Jet Formation and Penetration

1:Wang Cheng;2:Yun Shourong, Huang Fenglei

2003, 24(4): 451-454. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.005

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A W shaped charge is used to form an annular jet that can punch large holes in targets. Ihe process of annular jet formation and of penetrating targets is numerically simulated with a two dimensional Euler program making use of the tracking algorithm with MOCL interface. The results of numerical simula?tion are analyzed and compared with experimental results. It is believed that the design can meet the re?quirements in engineering design.

A Study on the Combustion and Thermal Decomposition of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane

Zhang Jie, Yang Rongjie

2003, 24(4): 455-458. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.006

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Catalyst of the organo-metallic compound (UME) on the combustion and thermal decomposi- tion of HNIW monopropellant was investigated through burning rate measurement, DSC and TG thermal analysis. It is shown that OME can increase the burning rate of HNIW at low pressures, but decrease it at higher pressures. Consequently, OME reduces the exponent for the dependence of the burning rate on pres?sure for HNIW. DSC and TG tests for HNIW and HNIW + OME were carried out at different heating rates. Kinetic analysis for DSC and TG data shows that OME accelerates the initial thermal decomposition of HNIW，but increases the activation energy of the upper thermal decomposition of HNIW. The relation between combustion properties and thermal decomposition characteristics of HNIW were established. It is considered that combustion of HNIW under low and high pressures are controlled by the initial and upper thermal decomposition, respectively.

A Study on the Ultrafine Processing of Explosives for Use as Boosters

Wang Jingyu, Zhang Jinglin, Xu Wenzheng

2003, 24(4): 459-463. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.007

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Ultrafine HMX powders were prepared by an improved recrystalization method, viz. the at?omizing kinetic crystal ultrafine process. Using laser particle size analyzer and TEM，it is shown that ca 76% of the the ultrafine particles are below lμm in size and particle size distribution of the ultrafine HMX explosive is rather concentrated. Four processing conditions that influence the ultrafine process were ana?lyzed and the ultrafine-action mechanism in the process was studied to explain results of the experiment. I he results demonstrate that atomizing kinetic crystal ultrafine processing can be a new method in the preparation of ultrafine explosives.

A Study on the Principle and Method of Preparation of Dynamite Powder through the Supercritical Anti-Solvent Process

1:Jin Liang'an,Wang Xiaotong,Yang Changqing ;2:Liu Xuewu, LiZhiyi

2003, 24(4): 464-467. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.008

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This paper puts forward a new process for the preparation of dynamite powder based on the supercritical anti-solvent(SAS) principle. Its mechanism and method of realization were discussed. Satisfac?tory dynamite powder can be processed with dependable operations. Its value for further study and develop?ment is expected.

An Applied Study of Blind Beamforming Method Based on Doppler Information in Sonar signal Processing

Li Hongsheng, Zhao Junwei, Chen Huawei ,Wang Feng, Guo Yecai

2003, 24(4): 468-471. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.009

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An adaptive blind beamforming algorithm for arbitrary underwater array was presented m this paper according to the characteristic of underwater acoustic environment and signal. Doppler information of underwater acoustic signal is used to estimate weights of beamformer without array manifold and a neural network is introduced to carry out the blind beamforming. It can not only avoid computing the inverse of a matrix but also enables the realization of the blind optimizing beamforming through hardwares. And it is demonstrated via analysis and simulation that this method is robust to system error and has the advantage of rapid convergence rate.

Prototype Design for a Multiplex Network Management Protocol

Jiang Yueqiu, Feng Yongxin, Zhao Yongyi,Wang Guangxing

2003, 24(4): 472-475. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.010

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Future networks are advancing towards an integrative system enclosing the space, sky, land and sea. To manage such a complex and comprehensive network, current network management protocols will not be compatible, and especially not fit for the satellite network management. SNMP is designed for Internet network management. CMIP is used for OSI architecture and is applied to the management of telecommunication management network. Based on a study of SNMP and CMIP a new management proto?col prototype multiplex network management protocol was put forward. Its architecture is compatible to current networks. According to the nature of satellite networks, a novel information model and commu?nication model were proposed. The proposed models lay a foundation to work in satellite network manage?ment.

An Experimental Study on the Laser Hardening of Artillery Bores

Wang Yang, Deng Zongquan, Qi Litao

2003, 24(4): 476-478. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.011

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Improving the longevity of artillery is always a key problem, and one of the most effective methods to solve tnis problem is through laser hardening of the artillery barrel. This will improve the ability of guns to resist wearing, ablation and the impact ablation properties. Based on an analysis of the phase transformation and the hardening capability oi laser hardening, experiments on the laser hardening of ar?tillery were described and the hardened layer，s rigidity and thickness of artillery rifles were analyzed togeth?er with the phase transformation of laser hardening. The results of focusing to various depths of the harden?ing layer were tested. After the experiment, the hardened layer of artillery bore is found to be improved and deepened. The hardened layer is found to be of fine martensitic structure.

Method of Air Target Orientation by Electrode Scanning from an Electrostatic Detection System

Dai Fangzhen, Cui Zhanzhong, Li Ming,Cui Zhongwei

2003, 24(4): 479-483. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.012

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Target characteristic curves of a jet plane in flight was obtained by the “electrode scanning” passive electrostatic detector. On this basis the pole and phase” method, a continuous and accurate orienta?tion detection method of the air target was proposed with an on-ground pre-alarming system composed of the “electrode scanning passive electrostatic detector, and the equation of orientation was given. In the working range of the detector, the charge of detector has no effect on its orientation precision when using this method.

A Study on the Parallel ISumerical System Effectiveness Analysis Algorithm

Hu Jianwen, Zhang Weiming, Liu Zhong

2003, 24(4): 484-489. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.013

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C3I system works as a “force amplifier” in modem warfare and is an extremelyly complicated information system. It is very important yet difficult to evaluate a C3I system. SEA is an influential method for C31 evaluation that compares the system capabilities and the mission locus in a common attribute space to evaluate the system measure of effectiveness. The key point of SEA method is to determine the mission lo?cus. However, the SEA method leads to the mission locus by the analytical function which is very difficult to reach at in practical situations. In order to solve the problem，a novel parallel numeric SEA algorithm was presented in this paper. Based on the universal principle oi independent monotony, the hyperbox is ap?plied for the numerical approximation of mission locus. By a simulated token-ring method, the processing is dealt with parallelly and the system effectiveness is evaluated with high efficiency. This algorithm mini?mizes the computation remarkably when searching for the mission locus. Moreover, it gets over the limita?tion of depending on the analytical function to get the mission locus, thus making it possible to get the mis?sion locus of complex systems. Finally, the algorithm was combined with the relevant means of simulation to evaluate the effectiveness of an abstract and typical distributed information processing system and the satis?factory result of the output was reached.

Error Modeling of simulation System for Airborne Imaging

Liu Yanbin, Jin Guang, Zhong Ping

2003, 24(4): 490-494. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.014

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Many sources of error exist in precision equipments. It is difficult to describe them and build error models in order to realize resonable precision design and error compensation. There exist some error modeling methods, but each has its range of application, and is often inconvenient to apply in practice. In this paper, error modeling method was studied, based on multi — body system theory, concepts of bar and pair coordinate transformation matrix and the pole and pair error transformation matrix were proposed. The method is more visual and understandable compared with existing methods because par and pair remain the bases of mechanical structure of equipments. Finally, errors were analyzed, and error model was built up in the simulation system of airborne imaging as an example.

Interference Suppression and DOA Estimation Algorithm Based on Smart Antennas in a DS/CDMA System

Xu Xu, Ye Zhongfu

2003, 24(4): 495-498. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.015

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As two key technologies of the third-generation mobile communication system, the technology of smart antennas and that of CDMA have the potential to improve system performance prominently. The article combined the two technologies and used smart antennas to solve problems in CDMA system such as muiti-access interference and near-far effect. It is based on the application of smart antennas to base-station in a DS/CDMA system. The article discussed a new algorithm that suppresses interference both in the code domain and spatial domain to improve the system performance, namely in suppressing the multi-access in?terference to a full degree in the code domain first, and then suppressing the remainder term in the spatial domain. The algorithm also accomplishes the estimation of DOA (direction of arrival) simultaneously. The analysis and simulation demonstrate that the algorithm not only furnishes some degree of resistance to the near-far effect, but also gives an evident enhancement to the performance and precision of estimation in DOA under low SNR.

An Adaptive Time-Frequency Filtering Method Based on Fractional Fourier Transform for Linear Frequency Modulation Signals

Qi bin, Tao Ran, Zhou Siyong, Wang Yue

2003, 24(4): 499-503. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.016

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The aim of this paper is to propose an adaptive method for Iiltering the linear FM signal em?bedded in white Gaussian noise. The idea that the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) for a signal is e- quivalent to rotating the signal on time-frequency plane is used. First, a noisy LFM signal rotated to a cer?tain angle by the FRFT will result in the least spectrum overlap between the signal and noise in fractional Fourier domain. Then, on the basis of dechirping the LFM signal，a narrowband filter is exploited to ex?tract the signal and depress most of the noise energy. Finally, the denoised LFM signal is rotated back to the time domain using an inverse FRFT. Performance of the proposed method is seen through its simplicity in computation and in their improvement SNR. Some theoretical analysis and simulation results are included to demonstrate the validity of the method and the results have shown that remarkable improvement of SNR and tolerable signal distortion are obtained. In addition, when compared with other two-dimension time- frequency filtering algorithms, it is seen to be easy in computation and simple in implementation.

A Bullet Mark Computer Image Comparison System

Guo Jun, Zeng Wenhan, Xie Tiebang

2003, 24(4): 504-508. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.017

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Bullet mark comparison is one of the key techniques in the discovery of evidences in gun relat?ed cases. So far, the methoa in use domestically still resides in the personal experience of experts in their comparison among the candidate bullets under the comparison microscope. This process is tedious and low in efficiency and cannot suit the requirements of development. A new bullet mark computer image compar?ing system is proposed including its hardware structure, software function and key technology. Practice shows that the system overcomes the original problems, and is worthy of being popularized.

A Gear Pair Model and Its Application in the Software ADAMS

Hong Qingquan, Cheng Ying

2003, 24(4): 509-512. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.018

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To set up the virtual prototype of a gear train system in the dynamic analysis software ADAMS, the torsional vibration model of the gear pair is transformed into an equivalent kinetic model viz. the transmission model. The model includes all the kinetic contents of a torsional vibration model, and can be defined easily and widely applied in ADAMS. Gear train systems built on this transmission model can be used to calculate for their inherent torsion characteristics, frequency characteristics,dynamic response,etc.

Mathematical Model of Two Side-Direction Burr Formation

Wang Guicheng, Zhu Yunming, Zhang Chunye

2003, 24(4): 513-515. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.019

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Burr formation is an important factor of influence to metal cutting quality. A mathematical- mechanical model of two side-direction burr formation and translation was established based on orthogonal cutting, the relationship between burr formation and chip shear strain was given, and the critical condition of burr formation change pointed out. A new viewpoint was advanced, in which the plastic flow of metal layer to be cut becomes the cutting burr, and it was confirmed by experimental results. The paper realizes the prediction on the formation and change of the two side-direction burrs in metal cutting operation. It can find applications in precision or super-precision and automatic processing.

A Study on the Gap Electrical rield in ECM Based on Electrode Processes

Fan Zhijian, Zhong Ling, Li Fuyuan, Chen Lin

2003, 24(4): 516-519. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.020

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Special features of the binary electrical layers of the electrode interface in ECM were analyzed. Aiming at the cathode design, influence of the depolarization of electrode surfaces on the electrode process and improvement in the precision of ECM through changes in the fluid field and in the distribution of eiec- trical current on the electrode surfaces were discussed. A method was proposed to improve the machining precision of ECM through changes in the gap electrical field distribution by the magnetic field. Microscopi?cally, the magnetic field affects the molecular structure of the electrolyte and the direction of movement of the charged ions. The effect affects the electrode process and the gap electrical field, which in turn reduces the dispersive corrosion and fluid wrinkles in ECM.

Effects of Atmospheric Scatter on Laser Weapons System and Countermeasures

Feng Longling

2003, 24(4): 520-524. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.021

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Atmospheric scatter and its effects on laser weapons system were described. By virtue of the lidar equation and detection equation, the characteristic difference between the diffuse reflection of a laser designated target and atmospheric back-scatter were analyzed. Some techniques and tactics that may be used to repress or eliminate the deleterious effects of atmosphere scatter were discussed.

A Review on I hermal Effects during the Firing Process and Measures of Their Thermal Control

1：Xia Wei, Tang Yong, Chen Puqing；2：Wu Bin,ChenGang

2003, 24(4): 525-529. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.022

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Thermal effects resulting from actions of high temperature propellant gas and friction between the bullet band and gun bore result in forms such as erosion and wear, thermal stress and deformation, self- igmtion of propellant or combustible cartridge case. These lead to the reduction of muzzle velocity, range and accuracy, limit the performance of guns, and become restrictions to improvements of gun power. In this paper, based on analyses of these thermal effects, various measures of thermal control were broadly classified into heat insulation and active cooling from the point of view of heat transfer, and each measure was described in some detail. Active cooling technology for use in gun barrels of large caliber self-propelled howitzers was discussed in particular.

Experimental Research on the Penetration of High- Velocity Fragments in Composite Warship Armor

Zhu Xi, Mei Zhiyuan, Xu Sunqi,Feng Wenshan

2003, 24(4): 530-533. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.023

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In order to simulate and study the penetration of high-velocity fragments through the explo?sion of fragmentation waThead in composite warship armor, 14.5mm smoothbore guns were used to launch high-velocity fragments at over 1200m/s. Results of experiments indicate that the combination structure made up of composite materials bulletproof in addition to warship，s hull builds up a higher resistance to pen?etration by high-velocity fragments, being superior to bulletproof steel. With an equivalent defense capabili?ty, the composite material bulletproof and the combined bulletproof structure, when compared with the to bulletproof steel, more than 30% in weight can be saved.

Simulating Airspace Method by an Axial Cavurn in the Parameters Measurement of a Doppler Fuze

1:Zhuang Zhihong, Zhang Qingtai;2:Li Lirong

2003, 24(4): 534-536. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.024

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The axial cavum measurement device was used to simulate the input impedance of the body antenna based on the theory of long line. The working state of the fuze in axial cavum measurement device and in the airspace was makes the same by adjusting the axial cavum measurement device. The method pro?posed in this paper using the input impedance of the body antenna to adjust the axial cavum measurement device makes a breakthrough in the general method using the fuze staves test parameters to adjust the axial cavum measurement device. The method overcomes the difficulty due to the instability of fuze and has its value in fuze testing.

Quick Data Acquisition Method in High Precision X-Ray Digital Image Testing

1:Hu Yan, Han Yan;2:Cheng Yaoyu,Zhu Mingwu

2003, 24(4): 537-539. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.025

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Large numbers of image data need to be quickly and transferred over relatively long-distances in high resolution x-ray digital testing systems. The speed of image data acquisition influences directly the test speed. In order to increase the speed data acquisition of an acquisition system in parallel mode (pipeline mode)for CLD readout and adjustment, A/D conversion and data transfer is designed. Signals of address and data in computer EPP are used for controlling the work of each unit and data acquisition. By using the method of TTL to RS422 level conversion, the distant data parallel transfer of digital radiological image are realized.

Measures To Improve the Fatigue Lifetime of Welded Tee Joints in Armored Vehicles

1:Zhang Hua;2:Hu Yong, Xu Binshi,Hu Yong;3:Tan Wei

2003, 24(4): 540-543. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.026

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Four points bending low-cycle fatigue lifetime of armor steel 616 Tee joints after weld finish?ing has been analyzed and measures to improve the fatigue lifetime have been proposed in the paper. The re?sults show that grinding the weld toe of the Tee joint will modify the weld toe appearance, wipe off weld defects such as undercut and slag inclusion, relief stress and lengthen the fatigue lifetime of the welded joints; where as TIG dressing can result in crater cracks and therefore shorten the fatigue lifetime. The fa?tigue crack initiates either in the partial melting zone of HAZ or incomplete mixing zone and propagates into the substrate, similar to crack initiation and propagation in armored vehicles.

A Study on the Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension

1：Chen Long, Li Dechao；2： Cui Xiaoli

2003, 24(4): 544-547. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.027

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Adaptive fuzzy control scheme was adopted in designing the semi-active suspension system of an automobile based on the fuzzy control principle and the adaptive scheme. Fuzzy system identification is connected with fuzzy control, adopting “soft feedback” in the fuzzy controller. Changes in the adaptive fuzzy control rule make it simpler and improve the semi-active suspension control，s real-time performance. All these measures improved the system performance and bring to optimum results, achieving better solu?tions in the settlement of contradiction between the riding comfort and steering safety.

Production of Molds for Hydraulic Torque Converter Blades

Li Xueyuan, Yan Qingdong

2003, 24(4): 548-550. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.028

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Traditional ways of making molds for hydraulic torque converter blades were first introduced in brief. Improvements on traditional ways through CAD/CAM technology were discussed. A new way was then brought forward making use of the work wheel in the torque converter’s mould. The method in pro?ducing blade molds by NC machine tools gets the program from virtual modeling in computer directly. These methods were described in more detail，and the merits and defects of each method were given by comparison.

A Simulation Model for Dynamic Steering Processes of Tracked Vehicles

Bi Xiaoping, Wang Pukai, Li Haijun,Xu Xiang

2003, 24(4): 551-554. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.029

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A simulation model for the dynamic steering processes of tracked vehicles was established, based on steering dynamics and engine transient working processes. An example in simulation for the steer?ing process of a two-stage planetary steering device has shown that this model can reflect tne course of changes for the main performance parameters with time in the dynamic steering process, and can provide a basis for theoretical analysis in studying the steering processes of tracked vehicles.

Engineering Method of Calculation for the Damaging Probability of Targets by Fragmentation from a Focusing Warhead

Li Jinqing, Hu Huanxing

2003, 24(4): 555-557. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.030

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Characteristics of target-damaging probability by fragmentation from a focusing waThead was discussed, and a method to calculate the damaging probability of target was obtained. An example of damage done to a typical air target by fagmentation from a focusing waThead was calculated. Compared with the damaging probability of conventional waThead, the results indicate that the focusing waThead can increase the damaging probability to the target, and the method can be used for engineering studies in damaging probability.

Analysis of Axial Accuracy of Charge Lxxipled Device Laser Auto-Collimation System

1:Zhang Yaoyu, Qiao Yanfeng;2:Zhang Minghui

2003, 24(4): 558-561. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.031

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With the improvement of aiming and shooting precision of missiles, ever higher measuring system precision is requested. Shaft precision of a CCD laser collimation measuring system decides the sys- tem’s measuring and employing precision. The horizontal and vertical shaft precision was analysed in this paper. The dimension error, figure error, position error of the shafting through the conventional error the?ory were analysed. Reasonable shaft structure and higher shaft precision are proved by results of measure?ment.

Research on Image-Based Data Mining Systems on the World Wide Web

Wang Haimei, Zhu Shishun, Zhou Xianzhong

2003, 24(4): 562-564. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.032

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Data mining provides a new way in solving problems invading too much information for effi?cient use. The main objects for data mining remain today to be texts and numerical data in the local database，while studies on image-based data mining appear to be rather limited. The basic theory and tech?nique of data mining were analysed and then the design and relevant problems of image-based data mining systems on the world wide web discussed in this paper.

Lossless Monitoring System for the Reliability Test to Electric Explosive Device

Qu Xiujie, Wang Wujun, Chu Enyi, Xie Gaodi

2003, 24(4): 565-568. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2003.04.033

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A monitoring system scheme for non-contact, lossless renaoility test of electric explosive ae- vice (LED) was proposed based on an analysis of all kinds of factors affecting EED reliability test especially the artificial and environmental factors. The scheme is based on the Hall effect principle of electromagnet?ics, using magnet-balanced current sensor as an electronic signal sensor, applying high spped A/D converter or converting board to transform the acquired signal into digital signals stored in random access memory for later processing. Development of the monitoring instrument can reduce human errors, increase ratios in test success, and improve tests on EED firing reliability.

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