Overdriven Detonation Test of CL-20-based Aluminized Explosive and Determination of Its Equation of State

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0382

Abstract

Abstract:

The overdriven detonation states of high-energy explosives under the conditions of charge structure,different detonation methods and other strong load excitation can improve the explosive energy release ability. The state of ODD products is accurately characterized to address the core problem of the new hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based aluminized explosives under the action of overdriven detonation (ODD).To this end,the particle velocity of CL-20-based aluminized explosives under ODD conditions is tested based on the impedance matching method,the interfacial pressures of the shock wave in different media are calculated,and the characteristic parameters of detonation reaction zone of CL-20-based aluminized explosives are determined.The parameters of JWL+γ equation of state for the detonation products are calibrated by combining with the real-arithmetic genetic algorithm (RA-GA),and the effects of the equations of state of the different detonation products on the overdriven Hugoniot pressure are revealed.The results show that,when the content of aluminium powder is 0%-30%,the duration of overdriven detonation reaction zone and the width of detonation reaction zone of CL-20-based aluminium-containing explosives are directly proportional to the content of aluminium powder,and the width of the reaction zone is increased by 1.97-2.7 times compared with that of the reaction zone without added aluminium powder,while the efficiency of energy release of detonation reaction zone is inversely proportional to the content of aluminium powder.When the content of aluminum powder is the same,the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone is decreased by 25% after adding AP.Compared with the existing overdriven detonation equation of state,JWL+γ equation of state can better fit the overpressure Hugoniot parameters and the isentropic expansion of C-J state,and the deviation of the calculated pressure results from the experimental results is less than 5.5%,which can provide theoretical support for thoroughly understanding of the dynamic mechanical behaviour of explosive detonation reaction zone.

Key words: overdriven detonation, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane-based aluminized explosive, reaction zone, impedance matching, equation of state for overdriven detonation

CLC Number:

TJ55
O389

LIU Moyan, LIU Yan, BAI Fan, YANG Li, HE Chao, WANG Hongfu, GAO Chenyu, HUANG Fenglei. Overdriven Detonation Test of CL-20-based Aluminized Explosive and Determination of Its Equation of State[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240382-.

Figures/Tables 35

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of overdriven detonation structure

Fig 2 Explosive /LiF window interface particle velocity test system

Fig.3 Scanning electron micrograph of 13μm Al powder

Fig.4 Particle size distribution of aluminum powder

Fig.5 Scanning electron micrograph of CL-20 raw material

Fig.6 Particle size distribution of CL-20

Table 1 Component ratio of the tested explosive

序号	被测炸药成分和比例/%				ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	p_CJ/ GPa	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)
序号	CL-20	Al	粘结剂	AP	ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	p_CJ/ GPa	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)
1	68.5	25	6.5		1.888	30.477	8031.612
2	78.5	15	6.5		1.888	32.952	8355.447
3	64.0	30	6.0		1.980	30.810	8059.320
4	54.0	30	6.0	10	1.980	31.510	7694.680

Fig.7 Finished grains of the tested explosive formula

Fig.8 Hugoniot curves of transmission and reflection of detonation waves propagating in different materials

Fig.9 Before detonation wave acting on LiF window

Fig.10 After detonation wave acting on LiF window

Table 2 Hugoniot parameters of materials used in the experiment

材料	C_i/ (cm·μs^-1)	S_i	$ρ i 0$ / (g·cm^-3)	阻抗/ (g·cm^-3·μs)
LiF窗口	0.518	1.353	2.641	1.367
铜飞片	0.394	1.489	8.930	3.515
2A12铝	0.534	1.345	2.700	2.260

Table 2 Hugoniot parameters of materials used in the experiment

材料	C_i/ (cm·μs^-1)	S_i	$ρ i 0$ / (g·cm^-3)	阻抗/ (g·cm^-3·μs)
LiF窗口	0.518	1.353	2.641	1.367
铜飞片	0.394	1.489	8.930	3.515
2A12铝	0.534	1.345	2.700	2.260

Fig.11 History of particle velocity changes at the interface of the repaired explosive/LiF window

Fig.12 Pressure mapping processes at different interfaces obtained through the impedance matching method

Table 3 Experimental test results of explosive formula 3

工况	铜飞片速度/(km·s^-1)			铝基板中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	铝基板中压力/GPa	炸药样品中粒子速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中压力/GPa	V
工况	理论计算值	实验值	误差/%	铝基板中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	铝基板中压力/GPa	炸药样品中粒子速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中压力/GPa	V
50	3.650	3.467	5.280	8.523	54.550	2.688	8.875	45.040	0.6970
	3.650	3.729	-2.120	8.760	60.540	2.807	8.960	47.790	0.6890
	3.650	3.698	-1.290	8.731	59.760	2.864	9.073	49.060	0.6850
80	3.900	3.741	4.250	8.771	60.720	2.896	9.119	49.860	0.6830
	3.900	3.796	2.740	8.820	61.930	2.936	9.170	50.830	0.6798
	3.900	3.882	0.460	8.897	63.610	3.085	9.343	54.420	0.6700
100	3.980	3.769	2.790	8.796	61.340	2.917	9.144	50.360	0.6810
	3.980	3.872	2.790	8.888	63.640	2.994	9.236	52.210	0.6760
	3.980	4.136	-3.770	9.126	69.700	3.193	9.472	57.100	0.6630

Fig.13 Aluminium substrate velocity (left) and explosive particle velocity (right) under overdriven detonation

Fig.14 D-u plots of overdriven detonation products of explosive formula 2

Fig.15 Hugoniot relationship for overdriven detonation products of explosive formula 2

Fig.16 D-u curve of explosive formula 2 under overdriven detonation state

Table 4 Equation of state for overdriven detonation

名称	模型描述
γ律方程^[29]	p_γ= $γ γ (γ + 1) γ + 1 ρ 0 D 2 V γ$
JWL方程^[28]	p=A $1 - ω R 1 V$ exp(-R₁V)+B $1 - ω R 2 V$ exp(-R₂V)+ $ω E V$
Davis方程^[18-20]	$p (V, E) = E V γ - 1 + F (V) 1 + b 1 - E E s (V) F (V) = 2 a (V / V C J) - n (V / V C J) n + (V / V C J) - n E s (V) = p C J V C J γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ - 1 + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n p s (V) = p C J γ - 1 + F (V) γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n$
JWLT方程^[17]	$E s = [1 + F e (V)] A R 1 e - R 1 V + B R 2 e - R 2 V + C ω V - ω p s = [1 + F p (V)] A e - R 1 V + B e - R 2 V + C V - (1 + ω)$ F_e(V)=A₀ $(V C J - V) 3$ +B₀ $(V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ F_p(V)= $3 A 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 2$ + $A 0 + 4 B 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 3$ + $B 0 + 5 C 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ p_H= $p s + ω V (E 0 - E s)$ / $1 - ω 2 V (1 - V)$
JWL+γ方程^[23]	p=m $A 1 - ω R 1 V e x p (- R 1 V) + B 1 - ω R 2 V e x p (- R 2 V) + ω E V$ +(1-m) $(γ - 1) E V$

Table 4 Equation of state for overdriven detonation

名称	模型描述
γ律方程^[29]	p_γ= $γ γ (γ + 1) γ + 1 ρ 0 D 2 V γ$
JWL方程^[28]	p=A $1 - ω R 1 V$ exp(-R₁V)+B $1 - ω R 2 V$ exp(-R₂V)+ $ω E V$
Davis方程^[18-20]	$p (V, E) = E V γ - 1 + F (V) 1 + b 1 - E E s (V) F (V) = 2 a (V / V C J) - n (V / V C J) n + (V / V C J) - n E s (V) = p C J V C J γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ - 1 + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n p s (V) = p C J γ - 1 + F (V) γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n$
JWLT方程^[17]	$E s = [1 + F e (V)] A R 1 e - R 1 V + B R 2 e - R 2 V + C ω V - ω p s = [1 + F p (V)] A e - R 1 V + B e - R 2 V + C V - (1 + ω)$ F_e(V)=A₀ $(V C J - V) 3$ +B₀ $(V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ F_p(V)= $3 A 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 2$ + $A 0 + 4 B 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 3$ + $B 0 + 5 C 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ p_H= $p s + ω V (E 0 - E s)$ / $1 - ω 2 V (1 - V)$
JWL+γ方程^[23]	p=m $A 1 - ω R 1 V e x p (- R 1 V) + B 1 - ω R 2 V e x p (- R 2 V) + ω E V$ +(1-m) $(γ - 1) E V$

Table 5 EOS parameters of 6 explosives

炸药	ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)	p_CJ/ GPa	V_CJ	γ
TNT	1.630	6930	21.00	0.7317	2.727
COMPB	1.717	7980	29.50	0.7302	2.706
PBX 9501	1.840	8800	37.00	0.7403	2.851
PBX 9404	1.844	8800	37.00	0.7409	2.851
JB-9014	1.894	7.640	26.90	0.7567	3.062
LX-17	1.905	7596	25.00	0.7726	2.841

Fig.17 Specific operation flow based on genetic RA-GA

Fig.18 The fitness value of the optimal individual changing with the evolution times

Fig.19 Comparison of p-V curves between fitting and standard parameters of explosives

Table 6 Fitting results of the EOS parameters for the overdriven detonation products of the explosives

炸药	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/GPa	m
TNT	346.70	4.145	4.001	1.998	0.433	7.0	0.738
COMPB	500.39	10.47	4.110	1.597	0.366	9.2	0.368
PBX 9501	778.63	20.47	4.410	1.599	0.308	10.2	0.467
PBX 9404	732.67	24.17	4.300	1.999	0.307	10.2	0.355
JB-9014	667.48	3.052	4.350	1.180	0.310	7.0	0.479
LX-17	962.69	14.76	4.998	1.988	0.494	6.9	0.437

Fig.20 p-V curve of detonation product from explosive overdriven detonation

Fig.21 Variation of isentropic index with specific volume for PBX9404

Fig.22 Comparison of the model results for the overdriven-detonation products of JB-9014 explosive

Fig.23 p-V curves of ODD products of explosives

Table 7 JWL+γ law equation of state parameters of CL-20-based aluminized explosives

配方	ρ/(g·cm^-3)	D_CJ/(m·s^-1)	p_CJ/GPa	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/GPa	γ	m
1	1.888	8031.612	30.5	750.8	45.7	4.51	2.71	0.43	8.00	3.1700	0.271
2	1.888	8355.447	33.0	1968.7	197.2	6.82	2.79	0.39	9.20	2.9210	0.340
3	1.980	8059.320	30.8	2760.0	24.0	6.19	1.64	0.32	7.67	3.1407	0.333
4	1.980	7694.680	31.5	2413.2	45.3	6.34	2.05	0.28	7.76	3.1410	0.144

Fig.24 Average deviation of JWL+γ EOS fitting results from experimental results for different explosives

Fig.25 Interface particle velocity curve of CL-20-based aluminized explosive and LiF window

Table 8 Parameters of explosive reaction zone

配方	ρ₀/(g·cm^-3)		D_CJ/ GPa	t_CJ/ ns	u_CJ/ GPa	x/ mm	p_CJ/ GPa
配方	实验值	理论计算值	D_CJ/ GPa	t_CJ/ ns	u_CJ/ GPa	x/ mm	p_CJ/ GPa
1	1.888	2.018	8355	105	2178	0.65	33.60
2	1.888	2.061	8032	116	2003	0.70	30.50
3	1.980	2.096	8059	130	2068	0.78	30.80
4	1.980	2.080	7695	157	2053	0.89	31.50
5	1.916	1.992	8967	47	2191	0.33	34.30

Fig.26 Variation curves of detonation duration,detonation reaction zone width,detonation velocity and aluminum content of CL-20-based aluminized explosive

Fig.27 Energy release efficiency in the reaction zone vs.aluminum content for CL-20/Al explosives

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