Ballistic Performance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Spherical Fragments

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0740

Abstract

Abstract:

The ballistic performance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (AM SS316L) spherical fragments is explored in this study. The SS316L blanks are printed by using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. AM SS316L spherical fragments with 12mm diameter are obtained by the machining and polishing processes. The micro-computed tomography (CT), static and dynamic mechanical tests of the as-built SS316L are conducted, and Johnson-Cook (JC) material parameters in the material deposition direction are obtained for SS316L materials. Hereafter, the ballistic test of AM and traditional cold-rolled SS316L fragments penetrating a 6.0mm-thick Q235 steel target is carried out. The test results show that the ballistic limit velocity of AM SS316L spherical fragments is lower than 2.5% than that of the cold-rolled fragments and its ballistic performance is slightly improved, indicating the potential of the AM technology in fabricating the pre-formed fragments. Finally, the numerically simulated results show a shear plugging mechanism consistent with experimental results. The simulated and test velocity perforation data have a good agreement, and the ballistic limit velocity error is only about 1.4%. At the same time, the simulated results also show that the JC model can be used to describe the perforation behaviors of AM SS316L materials.

Key words: spherical fragment, ballistic performance, 316L stainless steel, additive manufacturing

CLC Number:

TJ410.3

XUE Hao, WANG Tao, HUANG Guangyan, CUI Xinyu, HAN Hongwei. Ballistic Performance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Spherical Fragments[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(2): 395-406.

Figures/Tables 24

Table 1 Chemical composition of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

元素	C	Cr	Fe	Mo	Ni	Mn
标准含量/%	≤0.03	16~18	其余	2~3	12~15	≤2
实际含量/%	0.022	17.16	其余	2.71	12.2	1.45

Fig.1 SEM images of 316L stainless steel powders

Fig.2 Printing and forming process of spherical fragments

Table 2 Printing process parameters of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

激光能量/W	扫描层厚/mm	扫描速度/ (mm·s^-1)	扫描角度/(°)	扫描策略	扫描间距/mm
295	0.04	1000	135, 180, 225循环	Z字形	0.08

Fig.3 Micro-CT images of cross-section and longitudinal section

Fig.4 Specimens and dimensions used in different mechanical tests

Fig.5 Mechanical properties test device

Fig.6 Static and dynamic mechanical test results

Fig.7 Fitting results of A, B, n parameters

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of notched specimen

Fig.9 The relationship between failure strain and initial stress triaxiality

Fig.10 True stress vs. true strain curves at different strain rates in a dynamic tensile test

Fig.11 True stress vs. true strain curves of smooth round bars obtained in static tensile tests at different temperatures

Fig.12 Ballistic test layout

Fig.13 Penetration process of spherical fragment

Table 3 Ballistic test results

破片	编号	v_i/(m·s^-1)	v_r/(m·s^-1)	穿靶状态
	A1	1025	462	穿透
	A2	1011	450	穿透
	A3	702	227	穿透
	A4	628	174	穿透
	A5	609	163	穿透
	A6	577	141	穿透
	A7	558	145	穿透
	A8	540	133	穿透
	A9	537	74	穿透
	A10	537	112	穿透
冷轧破片	A11	532	23	穿透
	A12	529	59	穿透
	A13	517	0	嵌入
	A14	515	0	嵌入
	A15	509	0	嵌入
	A16	508	0	嵌入
	A17	487	0	嵌入
	A18	477	0	嵌入
	A19	472	0	嵌入
	A20	449	0	嵌入
	A21	400	0	嵌入
	B1	1002	485	穿透
	B2	951	448	穿透
	B3	646	185	穿透
	B4	613	167	穿透
	B5	594	131	穿透
	B6	552	110	穿透
	B7	546	97	穿透
	B8	542	156	穿透
	B9	523	92	穿透
增材破片	B10	504	0	嵌入
	B11	496	0	嵌入
	B12	492	0	嵌入
	B13	477	0	嵌入
	B14	474	0	嵌入
	B15	453	0	嵌入
	B16	437	0	嵌入
	B17	434	0	嵌入
	B18	433	0	嵌入
	B19	431	0	嵌入

Fig.14 Deformation modes of spherical fragments

Fig.15 Ballistic limit curves of two types of fragment

Table 4 Fitting results for two types of fragment

工艺	a	v₅₀/(m·s^-1)	p_m	R²/%
冷轧	0.50	517	2.16	97.9
增材	0.57	504	1.82	98.3

Fig.16 Finite element model

Table 5 JC material parameters of Q235 steel target plate[26]

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	E/ GPa	u	C_p/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	T_r/ K	T_m/ K	$ε 0 *$ / s^-1
7800	200	0.3	469	300	1795	1
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	D₁	D₂
410	20	0.08	0.1	0.55	0.3	0.9
D₃	D₄	D₅
2.8	0	0

Table 5 JC material parameters of Q235 steel target plate[26]

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	E/ GPa	u	C_p/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	T_r/ K	T_m/ K	$ε 0 *$ / s^-1
7800	200	0.3	469	300	1795	1
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	D₁	D₂
410	20	0.08	0.1	0.55	0.3	0.9
D₃	D₄	D₅
2.8	0	0

Table 6 The equation of state parameters of 316L stainless steel fragments and Q235 steel target plate[27]

C₀/(m·s^-1)	S₁	γ₀	α
4578	1.36	1.67	0.45

Fig.17 Relationship between the initial velocity and residual velocity of additively manufactured fragments in simulation and test

Fig.18 Penetration contours of 316L stainless steel fragment

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