Table of Content

29 February 2024, Volume 45 Issue 2

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2024, 45(2):  0. 

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Contents

Contents

2024, 45(2):  0. 

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Importance Evaluation of Kill Network Nodes Based on OODA Loop

CHEN Deng, CHEN Chuxiang, ZHOU Chunhua

2024, 45(2):  363-372.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0623

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In joint operations based on the network information system, paralyzing the enemy kill network and reducingthe operational effectiveness of enemy kill system requires the ability to identify the key nodes in the enemy kill networks. Kill network modeling based on OODA loop theory and kill chain operational concept, this paper uses the node deletion method to evaluate the importance of kill network nodes through the decline degree of network operational capability and network cycle efficiency, so as to overcome the problem of redundancy in the index calculation of traditional evaluation methods and improve the evaluation accuracy. This method is used to evaluate the importance of enemy kill network nodes in the operation drill, which accurately identifies the pivotal role of command and decision nodes to verify the effectiveness of the method, and which evaluates and ranks the importance of kill network nodes to provide a basis for selecting attack nodes.

Prediction of Aircraft Trajectory Based on Mogrifier-BiGRU

ZHANG Kun, DU Ruiyi, SHI Haotian, HUA Shuai

2024, 45(2):  373-384.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0750

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For the low accuracy of trajectory prediction of current aircraft, the bidirectional propagation mechanism and Mogrifier data coupling module are introduced to improve the gated recurrent unit (GRU) network. A prediction algorithm of aircraft trajectory based on Mogrifier-BiGRU is proposed, which strengthens the learning and memory of historical data, makes the input information fully coupled with the hidden layer data, and improves the prediction accuracy. The simulated results show that the accuracy of the proposed method for predicting the aircraft maneuver trajectory can reach 96.26%, which meets the actual demand of combat commanders for accurate prediction of battlefield situation.

Research on Deep Learning Method of Underwater Weak Target Tracking

YANG Jiaming, PAN Yue, WANG Qiang, CAO Huaigang, GAO Sunpei

2024, 45(2):  385-394.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0842

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The tracking error of the traditional Kalman method is significantly increased or even divergent due to the influence of interference and noise. A neural network-based target tracking method is proposed. The proposed method uses the deep neural network to solve the nonlinear change of target azimuth with time in different motion modes. The neural network model of underwater target tracking can generate a large number of measurement data through the motion model for full training, which effectively solves the problems of insufficient underwater acoustic target data and insufficient labeled samples. A new loss function is proposed to enhance the robustness of target tracking model under the condition of measurement discontinuity. The unlearned simulation data and measured sea trial data were tested. The results show that the convolutional neural network (CNN) is applicable for a target in 3 different motion modes,and can stably track targets when the platform is stationary or moving. Compared with the traditional Kalman filtering method, the tracking error of the neural network model is reduced by 7.75° and 1.41°, respectively, for the unlearned simulation data and the measured sea trial data, which verifies the robustness and scalability of the model.

Ballistic Performance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Spherical Fragments

XUE Hao, WANG Tao, HUANG Guangyan, CUI Xinyu, HAN Hongwei

2024, 45(2):  395-406.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0740

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The ballistic performance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (AM SS316L) spherical fragments is explored in this study. The SS316L blanks are printed by using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. AM SS316L spherical fragments with 12mm diameter are obtained by the machining and polishing processes. The micro-computed tomography (CT), static and dynamic mechanical tests of the as-built SS316L are conducted, and Johnson-Cook (JC) material parameters in the material deposition direction are obtained for SS316L materials. Hereafter, the ballistic test of AM and traditional cold-rolled SS316L fragments penetrating a 6.0mm-thick Q235 steel target is carried out. The test results show that the ballistic limit velocity of AM SS316L spherical fragments is lower than 2.5% than that of the cold-rolled fragments and its ballistic performance is slightly improved, indicating the potential of the AM technology in fabricating the pre-formed fragments. Finally, the numerically simulated results show a shear plugging mechanism consistent with experimental results. The simulated and test velocity perforation data have a good agreement, and the ballistic limit velocity error is only about 1.4%. At the same time, the simulated results also show that the JC model can be used to describe the perforation behaviors of AM SS316L materials.

Joint Optimization of Selective Maintenance Decision and Mission Assignment for Equipment Groups

MA Weining, HU Qiwei, CHEN Jing, JIA Xisheng

2024, 45(2):  407-416.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0649

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In order to meet the requirement of combat mission, the selective maintenance and mission assignment of equipment groups are implemented simultaneously, which can effectively improve the overall combat effectiveness of equipment groups. For the independent optimization of selective maintenance decision and mission assignment, a joint optimization model of selective maintenance decision and mission assignment of equipment groups is constructed with the goal of maximizing the mission completion probability, and an environmental coefficient is introduced to represent the influence of the working environment of different sub-missions on the unit state. The mission completion probability of the unit is obtained by solving the Markov model, thus obtaining the completion probability of the sub-mission and the entire mission is obtained. A genetic algorithm based on random keys is used to solve the problem, and the influence of the environmental coefficient on the jointly optimized results is analyzed. The validities of the model and algorithm are verified through an example. The numerical analysis shows that considering the combat mission assignment in the selective maintenance decision can get better results. The model can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for equipment maintenance decision in the battlefield environment.

Sliding Mode Feedforward Control and Disturbance Suppression for PMSM Based on Full Parameters Adaptive Smith Predictor Compensation

ZHU Qixin, WANG Jiaqi, ZHU Yonghong

2024, 45(2):  417-428.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0624

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In the control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), the delay effect of inverter has an affect on the stability of control system. Smith predictor compensator can be introduced to compensate the influence of delay link on system performace, but it is usually under the ideal assumption that the delay time and the model parameters of the plant are known and accurate, which is not in line with the actual situation. A time-varying model-based adaptive method is proposed to adaptively estimate the delay time and the model parameters of the plant, respectively, so as to realize the full parameters adaptation of Smith predictor compensator. In order to ensure the global stability of control system, reduce the sensitivity of system to parameter uncertainty and improvthe disturbance suppression, a sliding mode feedforward controller based on the advanced value prediction of position output and the sliding mode feedforward controller of disturbance suppression is designed, which is combined with the full parameter adaptive Smith predictive compensation control. Simulated results show that, compared with traditional and many improved Smith prediction compensation methods, the proposed method has high stability and tracking accuracy, and is still robust to parameter uncertainty and random disturbance even under non-ideal conditions.

Fire Control Correction and Line-of-sight Filtering Prediction of Lightweight Ballistic Calculation System

SHEN Cheng, ZHANG Lianchao, ZHANG Zhuo, ZHU Wenliang, CHEN Yukang

2024, 45(2):  429-442.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0738

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A ballistic calculation system and fire control correction method for ultralight and multiple small arms are proposed to reduce the preparation time and improve the accuracy of shooting. A model of gun-aiming-firing is established. The basic modules of fire control elements, real-time perception, multiple weapons, and interaction and data management are planned. A fire control correction software architecture based on domestic calculation platform is proposed. Through the integrated system design, the total weight is only 394g. Nonlinear extended Kalman filter is proposed to solve the problems of graphic display lag, firing device delay and sensor noise. Its error compensation effect is 53.1% better than that of the standard uniform acceleration prediction and compensation method. 600-meter field shooting experimental test was set up for group comparison test for beginners. The results show that the system can make a novice quickly master the essentials of shooting through the optical sight after short training. The aiming deviation is 1.15mm in azimuth and 0.9mm in pitch. It can reduce the dependence of light weapon shooting on personal experience and improve the long-distance shooting ability of a novice.

Tow Ship Interference Suppression Method Using Noise Canceller and Empirical Mode Decomposition in Deep-sea Environment

ZHOU Jian, SONG Xuejing, LIU Fuchen, ZHANG Wei

2024, 45(2):  443-453.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0732

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Aiming at the problem that the interference with multi-path and angle dispersion caused by the self-noise of tow ship in end-fire and non-end-fire directions affects the detection performance of towed sonar in deep-sea environment, a tow ship interference suppression method using,normalized least mean square (NLMS) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed. Based on the idea of inverse beamforming, the time-domain interference signal is reconstructed by compensating the phase of interference beam near the end-fire direction, and it is taken as an input signal of adaptive noise canceller, the received signal of array is regarded as the desired signal, and NLMS algorithm is used to adjust the weight of filter for the primary interference suppression. On this basis, the output of the noise canceller is decomposed by EMD to get the intrinsic mode function and residual components, and the IMF used to reconstruct the tow ship noise is selected by the matched filtering method. And then the interference suppression is completed by meta-domain cancellation. The matching template is a time-domain interference signal obtained from the inverse Fourier transform of frequency-domain interference beam near the end-fire direction. The simulation data and sea trial data analysis show that, compared with other methods, the proposed method can be used ro suppress the interference with multi-path and angle dispersion caused by the self-noise of tow ship, and improve the towed sonar’s ability to detect the weak target signals in the interference blind area.

Multi-dimensional Parameter Estimation of Non-cooperative Underwater Acoustic Frequency-hopping Signal Based on Time-frequency Acoustic Intensity Method of Single Vector Hydrophone

WANG Zherui, WANG Yan, WANG Yilin, LIANG Guolong

2024, 45(2):  454-465.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0685

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Aiming at the problem that the traditional methods are not effective in estimating the multi-dimensional parameters of underwater non-cooperative frequency-hopping (FH) signals, an estimation method of space-time- frequency parameters of non-cooperative underwater acoustic FH signal based on time-frequency intensity method of single vector hydrophone is proposed. The short-time cross-spectrum distribution in time-frequency domain is established by using the received signals of sound pressure channel and vibration velocity channel of vector hydrophone. The difference of noise and signal distributions in time-frequency domain is analysed, and an iterative denoising method and a connected domain method are used to suppress noise and smooth the energy distribution of each hop. A clear and stable space-time-frequency distribution of FH signals is obtained by processing the short-time cross-spectrum matrix using the complex acoustic intensity method. The ridge of space-time-frequency distribution is extracted, and the singularity detection is performed on the ridge using Haar wavelet transform to estimate the multi-dimensional parameters of the signal. The simulated and pool test results show that the normalized root mean square error of the obtained parameters is less than 0.05 when SNR is greater than -5dB.

Visible Light Communication Nonlinear Equalizer Based on Model Solving and Deep Learning

TIAN Daming, MIAO Pu

2024, 45(2):  466-473.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0679

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The Volterra series nonlinear post-equalizer (VS-NPE) can compensate for the nonlinear distortion and multipath effects of visible light communication (VLC), but its structure is complex and the equalization accuracy is limited. A nonlinear equalizer for learning threshold approximate message passing (LTAMP) networks is proposed based on the VS-NPE kernel calculation. The sample observation matrix is modified to overcome the defect that its columns are highly correlated. Then the calculation process of each iteration of the improved approximate message passing(AMP) algorithm is mapped to a special neural network, which is expanded layer by layer to construct a complete LTAMP equalizer. The proposed method combines the advantages of model solving and deep learning, and can learn the best AMP parameters from samples to overcome the defects of its sensitivity to noise and unstable output, thereby improving the stability of kernel solving and the calculation accuracy. Simulations show that, compared with the stability threshold AMP algorithm, the proposed method can achieve a signal-to-noise ratio gain of 2dB when the bit error rate (BER) is 1×10^-3, and has a strong sampling adaptive ability, showing an excellent nonlinear distortion compensation ability.

Trajectory Programming of Laser-guided Projectile Considering the Attenuation Effect of Clouds

WANG Qinghai, CHEN Qi, WANG Zhongyuan, YIN Qiulin

2024, 45(2):  474-487.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.1068

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Aiming at the problem that clouds have a great attenuation effect on laser signal and affect the performance of terminal guidance in cloudy weather, a trajectory programming method of gliding extended range laser-guided projectile considering the attenuation effect of clouds on laser is proposed. A cloud approximation model is established based on the reasonable assumption, and an optimal compound evasion objective function (CEOF) of cloud evasion-control energy is designed. A trajectory programming model is established according to the working characteristics of laser seeker and the flight characteristics of guided projectile,and the trajectory programming problem is transformed into a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) by using Radaupseudospectral method. Finally, the NLP solver SNOPT is used to solve the NLP. Several groups of cloud examples are selected for simulation analysis, and the simulated results are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed trajectory programming method. Compared with the traditional trajectory programming methods, the simulated results show that the trajectory programming method proposed in this paper reduces the attenuation of clouds on laser greatly at the cost of increasing less kinetic energy loss, and controlling energy consumption and attack time, which verifies its superiority.

Node Importance Ranking Method for Target SoS Network

YUAN Bowen, LIU Dongbo, LIU Zhaopeng, YANG Weilong

2024, 45(2):  488-496.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0762

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The existing node importance ranking methods of complex networks cannot deal with the target system of systems (SoS) network with heterogeneous nodes and directed and weighted edges. To solve this problem, a node importance ranking method for the target SoS network is proposed. It uses the K-shell algorithm to calculate the initial importance value of network nodes. In the node importance transfer of the PageRank algorithm, the characteristics of strong importance distribution and edge weight are considered. The extended K-shell and PageRank (EKSPR) algorithm is proposed, and the convergence proof of the EKSPR algorithm is given. It is verified by the combat simulation experiment and compared with the numerical example. The experimental results show that the EKSPR algorithm is more suitable than the K-shell and PageRank algorithms for the node importance ranking of the target SoS network, and that its efficiency is better than the average EKSPR algorithm.

A Fast Target Tracking Method Based on BACF

MA Xiao, LI Xinqi, LIU Zhenyuan, DI Chao

2024, 45(2):  497-503.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0708

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Image tracking algorithm is the key technology of imaging terminal guidance of missile and optoelectronic reconnaissance equipment. Its high efficiency and low latency extremely improve the accurate and stable tracking performance. In order to realize the high efficiency of imaging terminal guidance tracking algorithm of missile limited by volume, power, and so on, a data-driven multi-task allocation strategy is proposed based on the background-aware correlation filters (BACF)-based tracking algorithm. And a Cache-optimized fast Fourier transform (FFT) efficient method is proposed, considering that the correlation filtering calculation is key path to reduce the real-time capability of algorithm. The real-time capability of multi-core processing is improved by about 56.3% by mapping the algorithm to multi-core DSP processor platform for parallel processing. It is verified by UAV flight tests that the optimized method can meet the requirements of target tracking real-time capability under space constraints, which provides a strong technical support for engineering applications of smart munitions.

Design Method of Interference Waveform for the Frequency-modulated Continuous Wave Radio Fuze Based on Polynomial Chirplet Transform

YAN Xiaopeng, ZHANG jinyu, HAO Xinhong, LI Jianfeng, DAI Jian

2024, 45(2):  504-515.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0870

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Aiming at the urgent needs of linear frequency-modulated fuze jamming technology in the modern battlefield environment, a method of polynomial Chirplet transform is proposed to estimate the signal parameters of frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radio fuze under low signal-to-noise ratio, and reconstruct the jamming signal for FMCW fuze. Based on the principle of linear wavelet transform, an appropriate kernel function is selected, the radio fuze signal is subjected to short-time Fourier transform after rotation and translation operations, and then the optimal parameters of transform kernel are obtained by genetic algorithm. The parameter estimation of FMCW signal is realized, and the jamming signal is reconstructed. The simulated results show that the proposed method can be used to accurately estimate the carrier frequency, modulation period and maximum frequency offset of FMCW radio fuze signal under a low signal-to-noise ratio, and the reconstructed jamming signal can produce a better jamming effect on FM fuze compared to the periodically modulated interference.

A Novel Method of Stability Judgment and Milling Parameter Optimization Based on Cotes Integration Method and Neural Network

QIN Guohua, LOU Weida, LIN Feng, XU Yong

2024, 45(2):  516-526.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0673

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Milling chatter caused by regeneration effect is one of the main factors restricting machining efficiency and workpiece quality. The accurate and efficient identification of milling chatter stability is crucial to suppress the chatter and improve the production efficiency. Therefore, a predication method for milling chatter stability is investigated using the Cotes integration method (CIM) on basis of the milling vibration differential equation. The 2D stability lobe diagram (SLD) is obtained by CIM, which is compared with 1st semi-discretization method (SDM), 1st semi-discretization method (FDM) and 2nd FDM. The results show that CIM is of better convergence. Considering the effect of radial depth of cut on SLD, an iterative calculation method of 3D SLD is established. After equivalently discretizing 3D SLD surfaces as a set of nodes, a neural network prediction model between axial depth of cut and spindle speed and radial depth of cut is constructed by randomly using 90% of the nodes as the training set and 10% of the nodes as the validation set. The predicted results show that the predicted error of neural network is no more than 6%. Finally, a multi-objective optimization model of stable milling is suggested with the objective of the material removal rate and tool life in addition to the corresponding MOEA/D. It provides basic theory and technical support for obtaining the optimal milling parameters with high efficiency and low cost.

Modeling Method and Key Characteristics of Submarine Hydrodynamic Pressure Field in Bounded Flow Field

DENG Hui, ZHANG Zhihong, YI Wenbin, WANG Erli

2024, 45(2):  527-540.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0893

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Submarine hydrodynamic pressure field is an important information source in the ocean battlefield. A simplified modeling method of submarine hydrodynamic pressure field is studied with the potential flow theory, and a Rankine body-based analytic model and a rotary body-based numerical model are both established to estimate the characteristics of submarine hydrodynamic pressure field on the bottom.The influences of submarine shape, dive depth, and other factors on the key parameters, such as peaknegative pressure and negative pressure duration, are analyzed based on validation study. The findings show that, as the submarine advances closer to the seabottom, the influences of submarine shape, dive depth, and other factors on the key characteristics become stronger, the shape of negative pressure area changes from V-shape of single peak to U-shape, or even W-shape of double peaks; for the same dive depth, the duration of negative pressure increases sharply and then decreases slowly with the increase in the speed of submarine. Meanwhile, no matter howlarge or smallthe submarine body is, the key characteristics have decayed at the transverse distance of y≥L, that is, it is difficult for the mines outside this transverse distance to detect the submarine.

Initial Kinematic Parameters Design of Trans-media Vehicle Skipping over Water Surface Based on Multi-objective Optimization

SUN Shiming, YU Wei, WANG Xiaohui, LI Zhenwang, LIU Cailian

2024, 45(2):  541-551.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0704

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The influence of the initial kinematic parameters on the skipping process of a trans-media vehicle over water surface is numerically studied based on coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method. The relationships among three parameters, including the maximum immersion depth, the maximum overload and the pitching angle variation, and the initial motion parameters, including the initial velocity and incident angle of trans-media vehicle and the inclination angle of skipping plate, are analyzed by means of the parameter regression method. The parameter envelope of stable skipping process of the trans-media vehicle is obtained at the incident angles ranging from 2 ° to 5 °, the inclination angles of skipping plate ranging from 10 ° to 25 °, and the initial velocities ranging from 60 to 80m/s. Based on the multi-objective optimization algorithm, the most suitable target parameters for the stable skipping process of the vehicle are obtained as follows: the initial velocity of 60.1m/s, the skipping plate’s inclination angle of 18.8 °, and the incident angle of 2 °. Within this parameter range, the relative minimum values of immersion depth and pitching angle variation can be obtained during the skipping process of the trans-media vehicle without exceeding the overload requirements.

Evaluation of Node Value of Military Transportation Network Based on Hyper-networks

XU Yilan, GUO Tangyi, TANG Kun, ZHANG Yingying, LI Linwei

2024, 45(2):  552-563.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0748

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A node value evaluation method based on hyper-networks is designed to select the high-value targets in military transportation networks. Considering the interaction mechanisms within and between multilayer networks, a military transportation hyper-network that consists of a communication subnetwork, a military subnetwork, and a logistic service subnetwork is constructed. An evaluation algorithm for computing the comprehensive efficiency of the hyper-network is proposed by integrating both topological and functional features. On this basis, the node deletion method is used to obtain the system values and striking orders of nodes in the hyper-network. The experimental result reveals that the functional property of the node plays a decisive role in its system value. Moreover, the better a node is located, the more important its neighbors are, and the higher its system value is. It is verified that similar rankings of nodes can be obtained after several rounds of strikes, which shows that the algorithm is of good robustness. Compared with the existing method, the proposed method can determine the importance of targets fully and objectively, improve the accuracy of decision-making effectively, and be applied to the battlefield universally.

Operational Decision Analysis and Optimization Method of Submarine Integrated Defense against Torpedo in Uncertain Environment

YANG Jing, LU Minghua, GUO Liqiang, MA Jieqiong, WU Jinping, ZHANG Hui

2024, 45(2):  564-573.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0651

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There are three kinds of uncertain information, including unknown target, unknown target motion and unknown underwater environment, in submarine defense situation. A combined optimization framework based on uncertain information for making decisions of submarine defense against torpedoes is constructed. A random search optimization model based on Monte Carlo methods is designed, and then the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method based on discrete boundary contraction is used to calculate the local optimal decision instead of the best resolution. A tactical confrontation simulation model is established to select and optimize the submarine defense torpedo strategies. In details, for different torpedo alarm positions and action strategies, the two defense strategies, namely steering-diving and steering-bait under three types of uncertainty conditions, are comprehensively considered by taking “safety margin” as an evaluation standard. The selection boundaries of the two strategies and the decision-making suggestions under different combat situations are given, respectively. The experiment demonstrates that,the non-convergence of target solution is the most important factor affecting the defense action, and the decision-making accuracy of submarine steering angle based on PSO is ± 10 °/20 °; uder the same conditions, the acceleration ratio of the proposed framework can reach 92-156 compared with that of the traditional search method, and 10-16 compared with that of the parallel computing method. The proposed method could buy more time for decision making under the real-time requirements.

A Service Status Identification Method of Comprehensive Transmission Based on Multi-sensor Data Association

XU Baorong, ZHANG Jinle, WAN Li, WU Haoyang, WANG Liyong

2024, 45(2):  574-583.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0664

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The sensor data jumps and the poor reliability of comprehensive transmission in harsh environment lead to a high false alarm rate in the state judgment brought by relying on a single sensor information, and make it difficult to accurately identify the service state. A service status identification method of comprehensive transmission based on multi-sensor data association is proposed. The proposed method fully considers the correlation degree of associated sensor data in each time period through the time window mean correlation network, and can effectively characterize the correlation relationship of sensor data under complex working conditions. Based on the calculation method of time window correlation degree, a back propagation (BP) data mapping model is constructed to complete the mapping of key sensor data. First, the variational mode decomposition-sample entropy (VMD-SE) method is used to preprocess the data; the correlation between the sensor data is calculated by the proposed method, and the data with high correlation is selected; finally, the data with high correlation is input into the constructed BP data mapping models to map the key sensor data. The case verification of oil pressure data is carried out. The results show that the time window correlation calculation method can accurately measure the correlation between sensor data, and the data output by the BP data mapping model can well characterize the key sensor data. The combination of the two can effectively improve the accuracy of service status judgment.

Real-time Simulation of Terminal Air Defense Interception of Small Caliber Fixed Distance Air-burst Ammunition and Research on the Opening Distance

LOU Wenzhong, HE Bo, FENG Hengzhen, LI Xinzhe, YANG Tingqi, SU Wenting, LÜ Sining, ZHANG Mingrong, YU Xuerui

2024, 45(2):  584-593.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0665

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The simulation of terminal air defense interception and opening distance of small caliber fixed distance air-burst ammunition cannot reflect the dynamic intersection process of bullet clouds and targets after opening, and ignores the actual fuze starting law, which leads to the inaccurate evaluation of damage effectiveness. In this paper, the real-time simulation of terminal air defense interception of small caliber fixed distance air-burst ammunition and its opening distance are studied. A real-time simulation platform for terminal air defense interception of small caliber fixed distance air-burst ammunition is built by establishing a numerical model of multi-beam directional prefabricated fragment warhead, projectile-target intersection and equivalent target (e.g. cruise missile). Based on the real-time simulation platform, the weapon system errors and the measured fuze starting law are introduced, and the relationships between the opening distance and the damage efficiency of projectile at different shooting distances are analyzed. Finally, the development directions of fuze technology of small caliber fixed distance air-burst ammunition are prospected. The results show that the actual fuze starting law makes the reduction in the optimal damage efficiency increase with the increase in the shooting distance. When shooting a long-range target, there is a high miss rate in the opening distance of 0-20m.

Modeling of Interior Trajectory of Water-driven Underwater Launch Device with Two-stage Piston

DING Yanchao, WANG Baoshou, WU Wenting, LIU Xinhui, TONG Xin

2024, 45(2):  594-605.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0670

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In order to meet the requirements of underwater launch technology in large deep environment, a new water-driven underwater launch device with two-stage piston is proposed. The launch device is driven by high-pressure water in large deep environment to launch projectiles rapidly. A dynamic model of projectile pulled out of launching tube is established, and the principle verification test using high-pressure water-driven scheme is carried out. And the test data are compared with those of the reference test using high-pressure gas-driven scheme. The results show that the interior trajectories of water- and gas-driven schemes are basically the same. The comparative advantage of the high-pressure water-driven scheme is very obvious in large depth environment. The peak acceleration appears mainly in two moving processes, namely the launching instant and interstage transition between two stage pistons. The acceleration of projectile motion changes sharply in the interstage transition. The trajectory predicted results show that the maximum velocity range is 7.4-15.3m/s and the maximum acceleration is less than 100m/s²under the condition of the underwater launching depth of 100-500m. The results verify the feasibility of the underwater launch device of two-stage piston driven by water pressure, which provides the design basis for the further development of launch device.

A Dense False-target Jamming Main-lobe Blanking Algorithm in Slow-time Dimension

ZHANG Liang, DU Qinglei, ZHANG Zhaojian, WANG Yongliang

2024, 45(2):  606-617.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0866

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For the reason of the prediction accuracy of radar pulse repetition frequency and beam scanning period, the slow-time distribution of dense false-target jamming (DFJ) in echo is not consistent with that of the target echo. Based on the difference, a DFJ main-lobe blanking (MLB) algorithm in slow-time dimension is proposed. The algorithm has some similarities with the side-lobe blanking (SLB) algorithm, and the difference is gating dimension for the echo. The SLB algorithm is to gate the main channel echo in fast-time by using the auxiliary channel echo. And the MLB algorithm is to gate each range cell echo in slow-time by using the main channel echo within multiple pulse repetition intervals. The simulated results and measured data show that the proposed algorithm can be used to effectively suppress the DFJ from the radar main lobe or side lobe.

Effect of Gradient Mode on Mechanical Properties of Miura-ori Metamaterials

XIANG Xinmei, LUO Linlin, FU Zushu, HE Shizhu

2024, 45(2):  618-627.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0883

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Miura-ori metamaterials are lightweight and porous structures whose mechanical properties are often determined by their folding modes and geometries. Their mechanical responses can be modified by geometric design. Therefore, Miura-ori metamaterial is a metamaterial with multifunctional, adjustable and spatially diverse design. In order to study the effects of thickness gradient (TG) mode and acute gradient mode on the energy absorption capacity of metamaterials, the mechanical properties of metamaterials were analyzed parametrically using the finite element software. The results show that the metamaterials with negative TG have better energy absorption capability, and the average force and energy absorption of metamaterials with negative TG are better than those with the acute gradient.

The Control Strategy of Zenith-pass Singularity Problem Under the Roll-pitch Seeker Oblique Scheme

JIN Qiuyan, LIU Fuxiang, WANG Xinchun, LIU Xiao, MO Bo

2024, 45(2):  628-640.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0631

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In the terminal guidance stage, since the guidance target is located near the longitudinal axis of a projectile, the roll-pitch seeker is prone to singularity problems and it is difficult to accurately track the target. In view of the above problems, this paper studies the control strategy of zenith-pass singularity problem under the oblique scheme of roll-pitch seeker. On the basis of the pitch frame angle of the stabilized platform of seeker relative to the oblique boundary of projectile, this strategy ensures that the optical axis of seeker always avoids the zenith-pass singularity area by controlling the roll motion of projectile, and realizes the stable tracking of the two zenith-pass singularity areas near the longitudinal axis of projectile and the initial optical axis of oblique seeker. Compared with a method of adding a third axis, the proposed strategy can make the seeker have small volume and light weight. Compared with the sub-region variable parameter control strategy, the problem that the seeker fails to track the line-of-sight angular velocity in the zenith-pass singular region during static and deceleration control is solved. The simulated results show that the proposed strategy has the characteristics of high tracking accuracy, effectively suppressing the instability of control system and reducing the misalignment angle of detector.

Integrity Evaluation Method for Ground Based Augmentation System Based on Extreme Value Theory

HU Jie, YAN Yongjie, DING Hui

2024, 45(2):  641-650.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0636

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In order to solve the problem that the performance of the ground based augmentation system (GBAS) cannot be evaluated by the frequency of risk event occurrence due to the extreme of the integrity risk events, an integrity evaluation method based on extreme value theory is proposed here. Firstly, the safety factor is calculated according to the position error and protection level of the airborne terminal (position domain) outputs, and it is modeled and described by the block maximum method to obtain its distribution model. And then the maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the parameters of the safety factor model, and the model extrapolation method is used to calculate the integrity risk value of GBAS. GBAS integrity evaluation process based on extreme block maximum method(BMM) model is given, and the verification experiments are carried out by using the self-developed GBAS system. The results show that, for GBAS approach service type C, the availabilities of global position system (GPS) GBAS and Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS) GBAS are greater than 99.9999%, while for GBAS approach service type F, the availability of BDS GBAS is better than that of GPS GBAS. Meanwhile, the vertical and lateral integrity risk values of GPS GBAS extrapolated from 7-day observation data are 4.557×10^-8 per approach and 5.152×10^-8 per approach, respectively, and the vertical and lateral integrity risk values of BDS GBAS are 1.612×10^-7 per approach and 1.823×10^-7 per approach, respectively, which can meet the requirements of Category I navigation performance in the airport terminal area for aircrafts.

Research on Friction Behavior of Environmentally Friendly Plating for Gun Barrels

XU Jing, HU Chundong, LU Hengchang, DENG Yahui, XUE Jun, WEI Xicheng, DONG Han

2024, 45(2):  651-661.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0695

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The hexavalent chromium plating used on the bore surface of conventional barrel has good high-temperature wear resistance, but it brings a serious environmental pollution. In order to develop an environmentally friendly plating, the wear characteristics of four plating layers, i.e., hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, cobalt-nickel and nickel-tungsten, are compared and analyzed by characterizing the worn specimens at room temperature and high temperature (400℃) using ultra-deep field 3D microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the hardnesses of trivalent chromium, nickel-tungsten, hexavalent chromium and cobalt-nickel plating layers decrease in descending order after qualitative tempering at 500℃, and the trivalent chromium plating layer is more brittle and the nickel-tungsten and cobalt-nickel plating layers are more ductile compared with the hexavalent chromium plating layer. After friction with H62 brass at room temperature, the hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium plating layers show light friction, while the cobalt-nickel and nickel-tungsten plating players show obvious adhesion characteristics, and their friction coefficients are higher than those of the two chromium layers. After friction with 08Al steel at 400℃, the hexavalent chromium plating layer shows adhesive wear characteristics and high friction, the friction coefficient of trivalent chromium plating layer is relatively high, while the nickel-tungsten plating layer shows abrasive wear characteristics, its friction coefficient is close to that of hexavalent chromium plating layer, and its friction was relatively light.

A Spring Function-sensing Conformal Displacement Measuring Device and Method for High Temperature Application

NING Keyan, ZENG Qiang, TIAN Jinshan, ZHAO Pan, LAN Hai, HE Jiafu, WAN Li

2024, 45(2):  662-670.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0672

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The displacement measurement of mechanical equipment is the key to state detection and motion control. Conventional displacement measurement methods based on the principles of laser, eddy current, electric resistance and inductance cannot cope with the challenges of displacement measurement in the compact test space of high-end equipment and harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature and oil contamination. A spring function-sensing conformal displacement measurement model is constructed based on material mechanics and spring structure. the overall spring force and displacement are analyzed, and the displacement-strain mapping relationship is determined. A strain-displacement model of the spring is established on the basis of the finite element method, and the effects of the sensitive point of spring displacement measurement, different group bridge forms, displacement excitation frequency and other factors are analyzed. The effectiveness and dynamic performance of spring function-sensing conformal displacement measuring devices is tested under frequency sweeping and heating conditions on an electro-hydraulic servo high-frequency impact test rig. The test results show that the test error is within 0.06mm when the loading frequency is 100Hz and below, and the high temperature adaptability is not below 275℃. Finally, it is verified by the application of high temperature brake test for automotive dry pad brakes. The dynamic displacement signal of the mechanism can still be obtained stably in real time above the operating temperature of 160℃, which provides embedded test technology support for high-temperature brake condition detection and its fault diagnosis. The conformal sensor has good linearity and accuracy under high temperature conditions, which provides an effective method for displacement measurement in compact space and harsh environments such as high temperature. Especially in the case of elastic elements such as springs, the embedded test without affecting the original system can be realized.

An Algorithm of Battlefield Image Desmoking Based on Semantic Guidance and Contrastive Learning

XIONG Jiamei, WANG Yongzhen, YAN Xuefeng, WEI Mingqiang

2024, 45(2):  671-683.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0675

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Smoke, as the most common product of combat in modern warfare, reduces the visibility of combat scenarios inevitably, which in turn affects the performance of downstream military intelligence systems. Therefore, it is very important to restore the smoke-containing images. Existing algorithms usually ignore both the high-level semantic information in the image,and the degraded image itself can provide valuable supervision information for improving the smoke removal ability of network. Accordingly, a semantic-guidance and contrastive learning-based generative adversarial network (SCLGAN) is proposed to remove smoke from battlefield images. Specifically, semantic information is regarded as guidance to help the network better recover the structural and color information of images incorporating the high-level semantic features in low-level visual tasks. The contrastive learning paradigm is used to adopt clear image and smoke-containing image as positive and negative samples, and the contrastive regularization ensures that the restored image is pulled in closer to the clear image and pushed far away from the smoke-containing image. In addition, a smoke-containing battlefield dataset is first constructed to simulate the real smoke-containing battlefield scene, which promotes the development of related research. Experiments demonstrate that, compared with the existing smoke removal algorithms, the proposed algorithm can surpass the previous state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and qualitative assessment.

Fault Diagnosis Method for Diesel Engine Based on Texture Analysis

LIU Zichang, LI Siyu, PEI Mochao, LIU Jie, MENG Shuo, WU Weiyi

2024, 45(2):  684-694.  doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.1021

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Diesel engine fault feature extraction is a key step in the process of fault identification, which is directly related to the accuracy and timeliness of identification. The texture analysis theory is applied to diesel engine fault feature extraction, and a fault feature extraction method based on modified hierarchical decomposition (MHD) and grayscale image processing is proposed. A single one-dimensional vibration signal sample is decomposed into multiple one-dimensional sub-signals and converted into a grayscale image separately using MHD. The features from accelerated segment test (FAST) algorithm is used to detect the feature points of grayscale image; the image is convolved by the real part of Gabor filter bank, and the histograms are computed as feature vectors using the responses of the feature points. In order to test the ability of the fault features extracted by the proposed method to recognize the different fault types of diesel engine, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) and support vector machine (SVM) are introduced for fault status recognition. Preset fault experiments are carried out through a experimental bench to compare the proposed method with the traditional method. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the highest fault diagnosis accuracy and provides a new idea for diesel engine fault diagnosis.